Splicing factor mutated myelodysplastic syndrome CD34+ cells exhibit elevated levels of R-loops. (A) Representative immunofluorescence images of R-loops using the antibody S9.6 (Kerafast, Boston) in CD34+ cells isolated from myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patient bone marrow with and without splicing factor (sf) mutations as well as young and old healthy controls. Scale bar, 5 μm. (B) Quantification of S9.6 mean fluorescence intensity (MFI); n=10 (658 cells, non-sf mutated), n=17 (809 cells, sf mutated), n=6 (363 cells, young CD34+), n=9 (301 cells, old CD34+). (C) Quantification of S9.6 MFI in fluorescence-activated cell sortingsorted hematopoietic subpopulations isolated from the bone marrow of three (n=1, SF3B1 K700 and n=2, SRSF2 P95) patients (CD34+: 103 cells; CD34+CD38–: 71 cells; CD33+: 81 cells; CD19+: 47 cells). (D) Quantification of S9.6 MFI in CD34+ cells carrying mutations in SRSF2, SF3B1, and ZRSR2; n=10 (658 cells, non-sf mutated), n=11 (484 cells, SRSF2 mutated), n=6 (325 cells, SF3B1 mutated); n=1 (88 cells, ZRSR2 mutated). Data are means +/-standard deviation. ***P≤0.001; n.s.: not significant; A.U: arbitrary units.