Table 3. Unadjusted and Adjusted Association Between Concern About School Violence or Shootings and Depressive, Generalized Anxiety, and Panic Symptoms .
| Regressor variable | Symptom outcome at 6-mo follow-up, OR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| General depressive disorder | Generalized anxiety disorder | Panic disorder | |
| Unadjusted model | |||
| Concern about school violence or shootingsa | 1.19 (1.06-1.33) | 1.48 (1.34-1.65) | 1.20 (1.08-1.33) |
| Adjusted model | |||
| Concern about school violence or shootingsa | 1.13 (0.99-1.30) | 1.31 (1.15-1.50) | 1.18 (1.05-1.32) |
| Male vs female sex | 1.54 (1.24-1.93) | 1.60 (1.19-2.15) | 2.60 (1.88-3.58) |
| Age, yb | 1.13 (0.78-1.63) | 0.78 (0.59-1.04) | 1.10 (0.67-1.82) |
| Race and ethnicity | |||
| Asian | 1.33 (0.94-1.88) | 1.14 (0.49-2.67) | 1.02 (0.56-1.88) |
| Black | 1.18 (0.77-1.82) | 1.03 (0.42-2.55) | 1.24 (0.62-2.48) |
| Hispanic/Latinx | 1.05 (0.81-1.38) | 1.37 (0.87-2.15) | 0.76 (0.50-1.15) |
| Non-Hispanic/Latinx White | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Otherc | 1.44 (0.93-2.23) | 1.26 (0.57-2.78) | 0.96 (0.69-1.32) |
| Eligible for free or reduced cost lunch vs not eligibleb | 1.25 (0.88-1.78) | 1.02 (0.80-1.29) | 1.26 (0.89-1.80) |
| Exposure to cyberbullying vs noneb | 1.14 (0.72-1.80) | 1.04 (0.65-1.67) | 1.32 (0.92-1.89) |
| Subjective social status at schoolb | 0.93 (0.86-1.01) | 0.98 (0.87-1.11) | 1.02 (0.93-1.11) |
| Delinquent behaviorb | 1.00 (0.96-1.04) | 1.03 (1.01-1.04) | 0.97 (0.92-1.02) |
| ADHD symptomsb | 1.03 (1.02-1.05) | 1.02 (1.00-1.04) | 1.04 (1.03-1.06) |
| Past 6-mo alcohol use vs no useb | 0.95 (0.64-1.41) | 0.91 0.64-1.30) | 0.90 (0.65-1.25) |
| Past 6-mo use of nicotine, cannabis, and/or illicit drugs vs no useb | 0.65 (0.47-0.90) | 1.06 (0.84-1.35) | 0.95 (0.67-1.34) |
| Prior depressive symptomsb | 1.18 (1.15-1.20) | 1.00 (0.96-1.04) | 1.00 (0.97-1.03) |
| Prior generalized anxiety symptomsb | 1.03 (0.99-1.08) | 1.27 (1.21-1.33) | 1.04 (1.00-1.08) |
| Prior panic symptomsb | 0.97 (0.94-1.00) | 1.01 (0.98-1.05) | 1.18 (1.13-1.24) |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms; OR, odds ratio.
a
Modeled as a z score; coefficients are interpretable as the change in odds of a borderline/clinical level of symptoms per 1-SD increase in level of concern with school violence or shootings.
b
Measured before baseline. Variables with no comparison group specified were modeled continuously.
c
Includes American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, mulitracial, and other race or ethnicity.