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. 2021 Nov 2;18(12):2588–2608. doi: 10.1038/s41423-021-00784-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — T cell epitope peptide cocktail vaccines elicited robust CD8⁺ T cell responses in transgenic mice. Thirty-one VEPs restricted by the HLA-A0201 molecule were used to generate three formulations of peptide cocktail vaccines, followed by three rounds of immunizations to HLA-A2/DR1 transgenic C57BL/6 mice. Then, splenocytes were collected 7 days after the last booster and stimulated ex vivo overnight with distinct peptide pools according to single protein followed by IFN-γ ELISPOT and IFN-γ ICS. A Total IFN-γ SFUs responding to all peptide pools in each mouse. B Deconvolution of the total SFUs in each mouse from (A) into the single SARS-CoV-2 proteins. C Total frequency of IFN-γ⁺ T cells reacting to all peptide pools in the CD3⁺CD8⁺ T cell population in each mouse. D Deconvolution of the total frequency in each mouse from (C) into the single SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Control groups: N.S and PLGA-NPs; Vaccine A group: PLGA-NPs/peptides vaccines; Vaccine B group: R848/peptides vaccines; Vaccine C group: poly I: C/peptides vaccines