Fig. 2.

The manufacturing of hiPSCs includes upstream (from collection of raw material, i.e., donors’ tissue samples, to cell expansion) and downstream phases (from cell harvesting to concentration, purification, and fill and finish steps to generate a biobank of cryopreserved intermediate product, i.e., undifferentiated hiPSCs). Further bioprocessing is needed to generate functional differentiated cellular derivatives starting from undifferentiated hiPSCs. These cell types (e.g., contractile/beating cells, insulin-producing cells) represent the final product that will be used in tissue replacement regenerative approaches. hiPSCs human induced pluripotent stem cells, HLA human leukocyte antigen. Created with BioRender.com