FIGURE 3.

Levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interferon (IFN)‐γ, interleukin (IL)‐17A and IL‐10 in plasma from infected and uninfected children according to site. Plasma concentration of TNF‐α (a), IFN‐γ (b), IL‐17A (c) and IL‐10 (d) in asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum‐infected and ‐uninfected children according to the living area (rural, semi‐urban and urban areas) were quantified using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data are represented with cytokine concentration medians in pg/ml with interquartile range. Statistically significant differences between the two groups were tested using the Mann–Whitney method and are represented as *p < 0.05; **p < 0.001; ***p = 0.0001; ****p < 0.0001; NS = non‐significant difference