FIGURE 4.

T helper type 1 (Th1), Th17 and Th2 cytokine levels (median with interquartile range) in plasma from infected children by site. Circulating levels of interleukin (IL)‐12p70 (a), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α (b), interleukin (IL)‐6 (c), interferon (IFN)‐γ (d), IL‐17A (e), IL‐22 (f), IL‐4 (g), IL‐13 (h), transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β (i) and IL‐10 (j) in the plasma of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum‐infected children were compared in pairs according to location (urban versus rural, urban versus semi‐urban and semi‐urban versus rural). The levels of these cytokines were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data are expressed as medians in pg/ml with the interquartile range. The Mann–Whitney method was used for comparisons and significant differences are indicated: *p < 0.05; **p = 0.001; ***p = 0.0001; ****p < 0.0001; NS = non‐significant difference