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Predicted probability of recommending publication by abstract conditions. Reviewers were nearly twice as likely to recommend publication of the male abstract than control or female abstract (p < 0.001). Predicted probabilities to recommend publication are 0.377 for control abstract, 0.606 for men abstract, and 0.322 for women abstract. Logistic regression models control for reviewer sex, race/ethnicity, experience level, training background (MD, PhD, MD-PhD), and U.S. citizenship.
