Table 1.
Main characteristics of the included studies on antimicrobials and organ injury
| Author, Year | Country | Method | Study Setting | Tool used to ascertain the outcome | Confounders | Sample size | Antibiotic class | Outcome | NOS Risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aggarwal, 2018 [31] | India | Prospective cohort | Hospital setting | Laboratory values | Age, gender, BMI, APACHE 2, DM, antibiotic dose | 26 | Polymyxin | AKI | Low |
| Ahmed, 2016 [38] | UK | Retrospective cohort | Hospital setting | AKIN | age, gender, surgeon grade, type of anaesthesia | 1500 | Aminoglycoside | AKI | Low |
| Ahmed, 2019 [37] | UK | Retrospective cohort | Primary care | ICD-10 codes | age, sex, coronary heart disease, renal disease, liver disease, respiratory disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, heart failure | 28,800 | Cephalosporin | AKI | Low |
| Ahmed, 2019 [37] | UK | Retrospective cohort | Primary care | ICD-10 codes | age, sex, coronary heart disease, renal disease, liver disease, respiratory disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, heart failure | 21,048 | Penicillin | AKI | Low |
| Ahmed, 2019 [37] | UK | Retrospective cohort | Primary care | ICD-10 codes | age, sex, coronary heart disease, renal disease, liver disease, respiratory disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, heart failure | 14,868 | Quinolone | AKI | Low |
| Ahmed, 2018 [11] | UK | Retrospective cohort | Primary care | ICD-10 codes | age, diabetes, dementia, coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, heart failure, polypharmacy | 29,936 | Trimethoprim | AKI | Low |
| Baciewicz, 2003 [12] | USA | Prospective cohort | Hospital setting | Laboratory values | age, sex, nephrotoxic agents, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, hypertension and | 86 | Aminoglycoside | AKI | Low |
| Baghaei, 2010 [33] | Iran | Prospective cohort | Hospital setting | Laboratory values | Age, sex, concomitant hepatotoxic drugs | 295 | antituberculosis | DILI | Low |
| Baik, 2020 [36] | USA | Prospective cohort | Population based | ICD-9 codes | Concurrent antibiotics, gender, race, rural residency, income status | 685,018 | Fluoroquinolone | Tendon rupture | Low |
| Bright-Thomas, 2016 [13] | UK | Retrospective cohort | Primary care | Laboratory values | age, sex, ethnic origin | 200 | Antituberculosis drugs | DILI | Low |
| Carreno, 2013 [14] | USA | Retrospective cohort | Hospital setting | AKIN | age, history of AKI, vancomycin dose, concurrent receipt of nephrotoxins, concurrent receipt of vasopressors | 88 | Glycopeptide | AKI | Low |
| Craig, 2012 [15] | UK | Retrospective cohort | Hospital setting | Not stated | age, sex, operative procedure | 200 | Aminoglycoside | AKI | Low |
| Crellin, 2018 [16] | UK | Retrospective cohort | Multicentre Primary care | ICD-10 codes | sex, age, calendar period, chronic comorbidities, baseline renal function, history of renal or urological disease, and use of renin-angiotensin system blockers and potassium-sparing diuretics. | 55,961 | Cephalosporin | AKI | Low |
| Crellin, 2018 [16] | UK | Retrospective cohort | Multicentre Primary care | ICD-10 codes | sex, age, calendar period, chronic comorbidities, baseline renal function, history of renal or urological disease, and use of renin-angiotensin system blockers and potassium-sparing diuretics. | 56,736 | Nitrofurantoin | AKI | Low |
| Crellin, 2018 [16] | UK | Retrospective cohort | Multicentre Primary care | ICD-10 codes | sex, age, calendar period, chronic comorbidities, baseline renal function, history of renal or urological disease, and use of renin-angiotensin system blockers and potassium-sparing diuretics. | 33,130 | Quinolone | AKI | Low |
| Crellin, 2018 [16] | UK | Retrospective cohort | Multicentre Primary care | ICD-10 codes | sex, age, calendar period, chronic comorbidities, baseline renal function, history of renal or urological disease, and use of renin-angiotensin system blockers and potassium-sparing diuretics. | 153,201 | Trimethoprim | AKI | Low |
| Fraisse, 2014 [17] | France | Retrospective cohort | Hospital setting multicentre | NKF | age, sex, weight, concomitant use of other nephrotic drugs, types of infection | 109 | Aminoglycoside | AKI | Low |
| Fraisse, 2014 [17] | France | Retrospective cohort | Hospital setting multicentre | NKF | age, sex, weight, concomitant use of other nephrotic drugs, types of infection | 45 | Aminoglycoside | AKI | Low |
| Gandhi, 2013 [18] | Canada | Retrospective cohort | Population-based | ICD-10 codes | age, sex, chronic kidney disease, others | 96,226 | Macrolide | AKI | Low |
| Gandhi, 2013 [18] | Canada | Retrospective cohort | Population-based | ICD-10 codes | age, sex, chronic kidney disease, others | 94,083 | Macrolide | AKI | Low |
| Giri, 2016 [34] | India | Prospective cohort | Prospective cohort | Laboratory values | Overweight, age, sex, impaired renal status, pregnancy, immunocompromised | 26 | Aminoglycoside | AKI | High |
| Gyamlani, 2019 [19] | USA | Retrospective cohort | Hospital setting | CKD-EPI equation | age, sex, comorbidities, baseline eGFR, exposure to nephrotoxic medication | 22,057 | Glycopeptide | AKI | Low |
| Hall, 2014 [20] | USA | Retrospective cohort | Hospital setting | Laboratory values | age, sex, hospital stay, concomitant use of nephrotoxins | 92 | Glycopeptide | AKI | Low |
| Huang, 2018 [21] | China | Retrospective cohort | Hospital setting | AKIN | age, sex, type of infection, comorbidities, APACH II score | 50 | Glycopeptide | AKI | Low |
| Karino, 2014 [22] | Japan | Prospective cohort | Hospital setting | Categorical scale of mild, moderate, or serious (state recommended). | sex, age, underlying disease | 22 | Penicillin | AKI | Low |
| Li, 2015 [24] | Canada | Retrospective cohort | Population-based | ICD-10 codes | age, sex, baseline evidence of CKD, CVD, cancer, diabetes | 52,518 | Macrolide | AKI | Low |
| Li, 2015 [24] | Canada | Retrospective cohort | Population-based | ICD-10 codes | age, sex, baseline evidence of CKD, CVD, cancer, diabetes | 51,523 | Macrolide | AKI | Low |
| Liu, 2015 [23] | China | Retrospective cohort | Hospital setting | AKIN | age, sex, weight, comorbidities, concomitant use of ACEI, ARBs, NSAIDs, aminoglycosides, immunosuppressants | 124 | Glycopeptide | AKI | Low |
| Mizokami, 2013 [25] | Japan | Retrospective cohort | Hospital setting | Laboratory values | age, gender, infection severity, body weight, comorbidity index | 94 | Glycopeptide | AKI | Low |
| Morimoto, 2017 [32] | Japan | Prospective cohort | Hospital setting | KDIGO | Age, gender, concomitant antibiotics, BMI, BUN, severity of pneumonia | 57 | Penicillin | AKI | Moderate |
| Noh, 2019 [26] | South Korea | Retrospective cohort | Hospital setting | Laboratory values | age, sex, comorbidities (e.g., hypertension, etc.) | 77 | Antituberculosis drugs | DILI | Low |
| Ong, 2016 [27] | Singapore | Retrospective cohort | Hospital-based | KDIGO | age, sex, critical illness, comorbidities (e.g. diabetes, etc.), nephrotoxic medication | 194 | Aminoglycoside | AKI | Low |
| Ong, 2016 [27] | Singapore | Retrospective cohort | Hospital-based | KDIGO | age, sex, critical illness, comorbidities (e.g. diabetes, etc.), nephrotoxic medication | 84 | Aminoglycoside | AKI | Low |
| Pan, 2018 [39] | China | Retrospective cross-sectional | Hospital-based | KDIGO | age, gender, baseline serum creatinine, vasopressors, beta-blockers, furosemide, carbapenems, ICU admittance, etc. | 647 | Glycopeptide | AKI | Low |
| Pan, 2017 [28] | China | Retrospective cohort | Hospital-based | KDIGO | sex, age, baseline serum creatinine, the reason for vancomycin therapy, ICU admittance, etc. | 279 | Glycopeptide | AKI | Low |
| Paterson. 1998 [29] | Australia | Prospective cohort | Hospital-based | Laboratory values | age, duration of therapy, allopurinol use, | 88 | Aminoglycoside | AKI | Low |
| Raveh, 2002 [30] | Israel | Prospective cohort | Hospital-based | Laboratory values | age, gender, BMI, infectious diagnosis, diabetes mellitus, etc. | 209 | Aminoglycoside | AKI | Low |
| Sia, 2018 [35] | Australia | Retrospective cohort | Hospital based | KDIGO | Age, gender, treatment indicator, ICU admission | 242 | Aminoglycoside | AKI | Low |
KEY: AKI Acute kidney injury, DILI Drug induced liver injury, KDIGO Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcome, AKIN Acute Kidney Injury Network, ICD-10 International Classification of Diseases version 10, CKD-EPI Chronic kidney Disease – Epidemiology collaborator, NKF National Kidney Foundation, CVD Cardiovarscular disease, ACEI Angiotensin converting enzyme Inhibitor, ARB Angiotensin II receptor blocker, NSAID Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ICU Intensive care unit, BMI Body-Mass index
NOS risk of bias grades: low, moderate, high