Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of participants. Data presented as median (IQR) or mean (±SD) or n (%)
| All | Frail | Pre-frail | Robust | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | N = 347 | N = 54 | N = 188 | N = 105 | |
| Age (yr) | 70.8 (66.1–78.6) | 75.9 (68.2–82.4) | 70.9 (66.2–79.2) | 70.1 (64.9–74.7) | 0.003 |
| Weight (kg) | 85.0 ± 13.9 | 88.4 ± 15.7 | 84.5 ± 14.2 | 84.2 ± 12.0 | 0.141 |
| Height (cm) | 173.6 ± 7.0 | 172.2 ± 7.2 | 173.6 ± 7.1 | 174.5 ± 6.6 | 0.139 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.2 ± 4.0 | 29.8 ± 4.5 | 28.0 ± 4.0 | 27.6 ± 3.6 | 0.004 |
| FMI (kg/m2) | 8.6 ± 3.1 | 10.0 ± 3.3 | 8.5 ± 3.1 | 8.0 ± 2.8 | 0.001 |
| Prior fracture | 50 (14.4) | 12 (22.2) | 26 (13.8) | 12 (11.4) | 0.175 |
| CCI | 0 (0–2) | 0.5 (0.0–2.0) | 0 (0–2.0) | 0 (0–2.0) | 0.898 |
| Femoral neck BMD (g/cm2) | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.421 |
| BUAa (dB/MHz) | 115.4 ± 15.2 | 112.7 ± 15.7 | 115.2 ± 15.3 | 117.1 ± 14.8 | 0.219 |
| SOSa (m/s) | 1564.6 ± 56.1 | 1556.6 ± 36.5 | 1564.0 ± 41.7 | 1569.7 ± 81.5 | 0.376 |
| SIa | 95.3 ± 19.0 | 90.7 ± 19.0 | 94.7 ± 19.1 | 98.8 ± 18.4 | 0.029 |
| ALMI (kg/m2) | 8.4 ± 1.0 | 8.0 ± 1.0 | 8.4 ± 1.0 | 8.5 ± 0.9 | 0.002 |
| HGSa (kg) | 22.1 ± 8.5 | 14.4 ± 5.0 | 22.4 ± 9.1 | 25.7 ± 5.8 | < 0.001 |
| Smoking | 23 (6.6) | 3 (5.5) | 12 (6.4) | 8 (7.6) | 0.867 |
| Alcohol | 49 (14.1) | 7 (13.0) | 23 (12.2) | 19 (18.1) | 0.372 |
| SES | 0.033 | ||||
| Low | 113 (32.6) | 22 (40.7) | 68 (36.2) | 23 (21.9) | |
| Medium | 74 (21.3) | 14 (25.9) | 35 (18.6) | 25 (23.8) | |
| High | 160 (46.1) | 18 (33.3) | 85 (45.2) | 57 (54.3) | |
| Women | N = 360 | N = 62 | N = 199 | N = 99 | |
| Age (yr) | 71.0 (65.2–77.5) | 77.5 (70.0–84.8) | 70.9 (65.2–76.6) | 67.5 (63.8–72.8) | < 0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 73.8 ± 15.6 | 73.9 ± 18.5 | 74.7 ± 15.2 | 72.0 ± 14.6 | 0.378 |
| Height (cm) | 159.5 ± 6.2 | 156.8 ± 5.9 | 159.7 ± 6.0 | 160.9 ± 6.3 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.0 ± 6.0 | 29.9 ± 6.9 | 29.3 ± 5.9 | 27.8 ± 5.2 | 0.049 |
| FMI (kg/m2) | 12.3 ± 4.8 | 12.2 ± 5.1 | 12.7 ± 4.8 | 11.5 ± 4.4 | 0.168 |
| Prior fracture | 95 (26.4) | 24 (38.7) | 50 (25.1) | 21 (21.2) | 0.041 |
| CCI | 0 (0–1) | 1.0 (0–2.0) | 0 (0–1.0) | 0 (0–1.0) | < 0.001 |
| Femoral neck BMD (g/cm2) | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.087 |
| BUAb (dB/MHz) | 102.0 (92.9–111.5) | 99.1 (92.7–108.7) | 103.4 (93.6–112.2) | 101.8 (91.4–111.1) | 0.375 |
| SOSa (m/s) | 1535.8 ± 43.5 | 1525.9 ± 46.1 | 1538.2 ± 49.9 | 1536.8 ± 25.6 | 0.233 |
| SIb | 77.3 (68.9–88.5) | 73.5 (66.3–83.5) | 79.5 (69.0–90.5) | 76.5 (69.0–88.3) | 0.101 |
| ALMIb (kg/m2) | 6.6 ± 0.9 | 6.4 ± 0.9 | 6.6 ± 0.9 | 6.7 ± 0.7 | 0.194 |
| HGSb (kg) | 20.6 ± 5.9 | 14.8 ± 5.6 | 20.5 ± 5.3 | 24.9 ± 3.5 | < 0.001 |
| Smoking | 21 (5.8) | 3 (4.8) | 16 (8.0) | 2 (2.0) | 0.106 |
| Alcohol | 11 (14.1) | 0 (0) | 7 (3.5) | 4 (4.0) | 0.298 |
| SES | 0.364 | ||||
| Low | 111 (30.8) | 21 (33.9) | 66 (33.2) | 24 (24.2) | |
| Medium | 142 (39.4) | 27 (43.5) | 74 (37.2) | 41 (41.4) | |
| High | 107 (29.7) | 14 (22.6) | 59 (29.6) | 34 (34.3) |
BMD bone mineral density, BMI body mass index, FMI fat mass index, CCI Charlson comorbidity score, SES socioeconomic status, BUA broad- band ultrasound attenuation, SOS speed of sound, SI stiffness index, ALMI appendicular lean mass index, HGS handgrip strength
aMissing data for Men: - BUA, SOS and SI n = 2, BMD n = 7, HGS n = 1
bMissing data for Women: - BUA, SOS and SI n = 75, BMD n = 48, ALMI n = 36, HGS n = 16