Table 1.
Characteristics on baseline of nested case-control participants by dietary intake of total branched chain amino acids
| Total BCAA intakes (mg/g protein) | P value* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 (n = 289) | T2 (n = 290) | T3 (n = 289) | ||
| T2D cases, % | 130 (45.1) | 139 (47.9) | 164 (56.7) | 0.014 |
| Age (years) | 52.5 (8.3) | 50.8 (8.4) | 52.0 (9.5) | 0.06 |
| Male [n, (%)] | 71 (24.7) | 112 (38.6) | 151 (52.2) | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 (0.2) | 25.1 (0.2) | 25.8 (0.2) | 0.041 |
| Waist circumferences (cm) | 85.6 (0.6) | 87.1 (0.6) | 89.9 (0.6) | < 0.001 |
| Current smokers [n, (%)] | 36 (12.5) | 57 (19.7) | 62 (21.5) | 0.020 |
| Current drinkers [n, (%)] | 91 (31.6) | 114 (39.3) | 126 (43.6) | 0.011 |
| Exercised regularly [n, (%)] | 148 (51.4) | 122 (42.1) | 137 (47.4) | 0.079 |
| Energy intake(kcal/day) | 2199 (50.4) | 2345 (50.2) | 2600 (50.4) | < 0.001 |
| Family history of T2D [n, (%)] | 46 (16.1) | 44 (15.2) | 47 (16.3) | 0.933 |
| Hypertension [n, (%)] | 74 (25.9) | 57 (19.7) | 79 (27.4) | 0.074 |
| Hyperlipid [n, (%)] | 70 (24.5) | 69 (24.0) | 81 (28.4) | 0.418 |
| Coronary [n, (%)] | 70 (24.3) | 51 (17.6) | 60 (20.8) | 0.139 |
| Dietary BCAAs (mg/g protein) | ||||
| Total BCAAs | 174 (1.3) | 200 (1.3) | 253 (1.3) | < 0.001 |
| Isoleucine | 44.0 (0.3) | 50.1 (0.3) | 62.0 (0.3) | < 0.001 |
| Leucine | 79.7 (0.7) | 93.4 (0.7) | 121 (0.7) | < 0.001 |
| Valine | 49.8 (0.3) | 56.5 (0.3) | 70.0 (0.3) | < 0.001 |
| Circulating BCAAs (μmol/L) | ||||
| Total BCAAs | 11.8 (0.07) | 11.9 (0.07) | 11.9 (0.07) | 0.23 |
| Isoleucine | 4.8 (0.05) | 4.9 (0.05) | 4.9 (0.05) | 0.86 |
| Leucine | 3.9 (0.05) | 3.9 (0.05) | 4.0 (0.05) | 0.25 |
| Valine | 9.9 (0.07) | 10.1 (0.07) | 10.1 (0.07) | 0.21 |
| Protein (g/day) | 73.2 (2.1) | 64.0 (2.1) | 51.0 (2.1) | < 0.001 |
| Fat (g/day) | 77.8 (1.8) | 77.1 (1.8) | 72.0 (1.8) | 0.049 |
| Carbohydrate (g/day) | 314 (8.4) | 354 (8.3) | 431 (8.4) | < 0.001 |
| Fast glucose (mmol/l) | 5.6 (0.1) | 5.4 (0.1) | 5.7 (0.1) | 0.40 |
Data represent the mean ± SD or number (%)
BCAAs, branched chain amino acids; BMI, body mass index; T2D, type 2 diabetes
*P values were calculated by using the general linear model for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables