Table 2.
Mean differences in rate of cognitive change (SD/year) during follow-up in men
| BP Group | HRS (n = 2810) | ELSA (n = 2338) | CHARLS (n = 2533) | Pooled analysis (n = 7681) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% Cl)* | P value | β (95% Cl)* | P value | β (95% Cl)* | P value | Pooled β (95% Cl)* | P value | I2 (%) | P value | |
| Global | ||||||||||
| Normal | −0.018 (− 0.032 to − 0.005) | 0.008 | 0.005 (−0.012 to 0.023) | 0.551 | −0.003 (− 0.020 to 0.013) | 0.687 | − 0.006 (− 0.020 to 0.008) | 0.377 | 58.3 | 0.091 |
| Borderline | Reference | / | Reference | / | Reference | / | Reference | / | / | / |
| High | −0.015 (−0.024 to − 0.005) | 0.002 | −0.003 (− 0.013 to 0.008) | 0.626 | −0.016 (− 0.030 to − 0.002) | 0.025 | −0.011 (− 0.020 to − 0.002) | 0.013 | 43.7 | 0.169 |
| Memory | ||||||||||
| Normal | −0.008 (−0.018 to 0.002) | 0.097 | 0.010 (− 0.002 to 0.021) | 0.099 | −0.013 (− 0.034 to 0.009) | 0.257 | −0.003 (− 0.016 to 0.011) | 0.715 | 69.2 | 0.039 |
| Borderline | Reference | / | Reference | / | Reference | / | Reference | / | / | / |
| High | −0.006 (− 0.013 to 0.001) | 0.076 | −0.001 (− 0.008 to 0.006) | 0.852 | −0.018 (− 0.036 to 0.001) | 0.060 | −0.005 (− 0.012 to 0.002) | 0.138 | 40.7 | 0.185 |
| Executive function | ||||||||||
| Normal | −0.008 (− 0.018 to 0.002) | 0.107 | 0.007 (−0.005 to 0.019) | 0.276 | −0.001 (− 0.017 to 0.015) | 0.902 | −0.001 (− 0.011 to 0.008) | 0.777 | 42.2 | 0.177 |
| Borderline | Reference | / | Reference | / | Reference | / | Reference | / | / | / |
| High | −0.003 (− 0.010 to 0.004) | 0.404 | −0.006 (− 0.014 to 0.001) | 0.108 | −0.012 (− 0.025 to 0.002) | 0.101 | −0.005 (− 0.010 to 0.000) | 0.031 | 0.0 | 0.513 |
| Orientation | ||||||||||
| Normal | −0.021 (− 0.039 to − 0.003) | 0.025 | −0.004 (− 0.025 to 0.016) | 0.677 | 0.011 (−0.006 to 0.029) | 0.210 | −0.005 (− 0.024 to 0.015) | 0.640 | 67.6 | 0.046 |
| Borderline | Reference | / | Reference | / | Reference | / | Reference | / | / | / |
| High | −0.019 (− 0.032 to − 0.007) | 0.003 | 0.004 (−0.009 to 0.016) | 0.573 | 0.002 (−0.013 to 0.017) | 0.749 | −0.005 (− 0.020 to 0.011) | 0.550 | 73.6 | 0.023 |
* After adjusting for age, race (except for the CHARLS), body mass index, education, cohabitation status, current smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, depressive symptoms, antihypertension medication, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, and chronic lung disease
BP, blood pressure; HRS, the Health and Retirement Study; ELSA, the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing; CHARLS, the China Health Retirement Longitudinal Study