TABLE 2.
HRs of incident diabetes by quintiles of flavonoid intake1
| Flavonoid intake quintiles | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintile 1 (n = 10,958) | Quintile 2 (n = 10,957) | Quintile 3 (n = 10,957) | Quintile 4 (n = 10,957) | Quintile 5 (n = 10,958) | |
| Total flavonoids | |||||
| No. events | 1734 | 1380 | 1337 | 1205 | 1044 |
| Intake,2 mg/d | 174 (6–251) | 321 (251–395) | 495 (395–602) | 727 (602–909) | 1202 (909–3552) |
| HR (95% CI) | |||||
| Model 1a | Ref | 0.83 (0.80, 0.87) | 0.74 (0.69, 0.78) | 0.69 (0.65, 0.73) | 0.63 (0.59, 0.68) |
| Model 1b | Ref | 0.92 (0.88, 0.96) | 0.87 (0.82, 0.92) | 0.85 (0.80, 0.90) | 0.81 (0.75, 0.87) |
| Model 2 | Ref | 0.92 (0.88, 0.96) | 0.89 (0.84, 0.94) | 0.89 (0.84, 0.95) | 0.88 (0.82, 0.94) |
| Model 3 | Ref | 0.92 (0.88, 0.96) | 0.88 (0.83, 0.94) | 0.88 (0.82, 0.94) | 0.84 (0.78, 0.92) |
| Flavonols | |||||
| No. events | 1684 | 1510 | 1263 | 1212 | 1031 |
| Intake,2 mg/d | 15 (0–20) | 26 (20–32) | 38 (32–50) | 66 (50–83) | 116 (83–251) |
| HR (95% CI) | |||||
| Model 1a | Ref | 0.84 (0.81, 0.88) | 0.75 (0.70, 0.79) | 0.68 (0.64, 0.72) | 0.62 (0.58, 0.66) |
| Model 1b | Ref | 0.93 (0.89, 0.97) | 0.89 (0.83, 0.94) | 0.86 (0.80, 0.91) | 0.81 (0.75, 0.87) |
| Model 2 | Ref | 0.91 (0.88, 0.95) | 0.87 (0.82, 0.93) | 0.89 (0.84, 0.95) | 0.87 (0.81, 0.94) |
| Model 3 | Ref | 0.92 (0.88, 0.97) | 0.88 (0.82, 0.94) | 0.88 (0.82, 0.95) | 0.84 (0.77, 0.91) |
| Flavanol monomers | |||||
| No. events | 1676 | 1419 | 1369 | 1191 | 1045 |
| Intake,2 mg/d | 14 (0–21) | 30 (21–45) | 66 (45–115) | 261 (115–281) | 473 (281–916) |
| HR (95% CI) | |||||
| Model 1a | Ref | 0.91 (0.89, 0.94) | 0.79 (0.74, 0.84) | 0.70 (0.65, 0.74) | 0.66 (0.62, 0.71) |
| Model 1b | Ref | 0.97 (0.94, 1.00) | 0.92 (0.86, 0.99) | 0.87 (0.81, 0.93) | 0.84 (0.78, 0.90) |
| Model 2 | Ref | 0.96 (0.93, 0.99) | 0.91 (0.85, 0.97) | 0.94 (0.88, 1.01) | 0.92 (0.86, 0.99) |
| Model 3 | Ref | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.92, 1.06) | 0.95 (0.89, 1.02) | 0.93 (0.87, 1.00) |
| Flavanol oligo + polymers | |||||
| No. events | 1750 | 1391 | 1328 | 1189 | 1042 |
| Intake,2 mg/d | 92 (0–136) | 179 (136–217) | 255 (217–303) | 359 (303–434) | 537 (434–2254) |
| HR (95% CI) | |||||
| Model 1a | Ref | 0.80 (0.77, 0.84) | 0.71 (0.68, 0.75) | 0.66 (0.62, 0.70) | 0.62 (0.58, 0.66) |
| Model 1b | Ref | 0.89 (0.85, 0.94) | 0.84 (0.79, 0.89) | 0.81 (0.76, 0.86) | 0.77 (0.72, 0.83) |
| Model 2 | Ref | 0.91 (0.87, 0.95) | 0.86 (0.82, 0.91) | 0.84 (0.79, 0.89) | 0.82 (0.77, 0.88) |
| Model 3 | Ref | 0.93 (0.88, 0.98) | 0.90 (0.85, 0.95) | 0.89 (0.83, 0.95) | 0.90 (0.83, 0.97) |
| Anthocyanins | |||||
| No. events | 1632 | 1298 | 1171 | 1220 | 1379 |
| Intake,2 mg/d | 5 (0–10) | 13 (10–17) | 20 (17–24) | 36 (24–53) | 70 (53–397) |
| HR (95% CI) | |||||
| Model 1a | Ref | 0.76 (0.72, 0.79) | 0.67 (0.63, 0.72) | 0.70 (0.66, 0.74) | 0.78 (0.73, 0.83) |
| Model 1b | Ref | 0.85 (0.81, 0.89) | 0.80 (0.75, 0.85) | 0.84 (0.79, 0.89) | 0.92 (0.85, 0.99) |
| Model 2 | Ref | 0.88 (0.84, 0.92) | 0.84 (0.79, 0.90) | 0.88 (0.83, 0.94) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.01) |
| Model 3 | Ref | 0.87 (0.83, 0.91) | 0.83 (0.78, 0.89) | 0.88 (0.83, 0.94) | 0.97 (0.90, 1.04) |
| Flavanones | |||||
| No. events | 1372 | 1239 | 1356 | 1348 | 1385 |
| Intake,2 mg/d | 4 (0–6) | 9 (6–13) | 18 (13–26) | 32 (26–49) | 70 (49–564) |
| HR (95% CI) | |||||
| Model 1a | Ref | 0.96 (0.92, 1.01) | 0.94 (0.88, 1.01) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.02) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.09) |
| Model 1b | Ref | 1.03 (0.98, 1.07) | 1.06 (0.99, 1.13) | 1.10 (1.03, 1.17) | 1.15 (1.08, 1.23) |
| Model 2 | Ref | 1.00 (0.96, 1.05) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.09) | 1.05 (0.99, 1.12) | 1.11 (1.04, 1.19) |
| Model 3 | Ref | 1.04 (0.99, 1.08) | 1.07 (1.00, 1.15) | 1.10 (1.03, 1.18) | 1.13 (1.05, 1.22) |
| Flavones | |||||
| No. events | 1446 | 1278 | 1299 | 1271 | 1406 |
| Intake,2 mg/d | 2 (0–3) | 4 (3–5) | 5 (5–6) | 7 (6–9) | 11 (9–51) |
| HR (95% CI) | |||||
| Model 1a | Ref | 0.85 (0.81, 0.89) | 0.81 (0.76, 0.86) | 0.84 (0.79, 0.89) | 0.92 (0.86, 0.98) |
| Model 1b | Ref | 0.92 (0.88, 0.97) | 0.91 (0.86, 0.97) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.02) | 1.04 (0.98, 1.12) |
| Model 2 | Ref | 0.93 (0.88, 0.97) | 0.91 (0.86, 0.97) | 0.95 (0.89, 1.01) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.08) |
| Model 3 | Ref | 0.95 (0.90, 1.00) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.02) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.09) | 1.12 (1.04, 1.21) |
1
HRs (95% CI) for incident diabetes during 23 y of follow-up, obtained from restricted cubic splines based on Cox proportional hazards models. Model 1a adjusted for age and sex; model 1b adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol intake, education, hormone replacement therapy, and socioeconomic status (income); model 2 adjusted for all covariates in model 1b plus body fat, hypertension status, and cholesterol status; and model 3 adjusted for all covariates in model 2 plus energy intake and intakes (g/d) of red meat, processed meat, PUFAs, MUFAs, SFAs, fiber, soft drinks, coffee, and added sugar.
2
Median; range in parentheses (all such values).