Table 1.

Sources of oxidative stress in acute attack of Takotsubo syndrome.

Exogenous sources (environmental factors)

- Food (e.g., wasabi, shellfish), drinks (e.g., alcohol, energy drinks) - Catecholamines (exogenous source) - Toxins, chemicals, drugs (incl. tobacco, caffeine, cocaine), allergens, vaccines, blood transfusion - Photochemical smog (incl. UV radiation, pollution from transport and industry)

Endogenous sources

- Physical stress - Emotional stress - Catecholamines (endogenous source) - Emergency and acute clinical conditions (incl. infections) - Fenton reaction (i.e., all conditions associated with bleeding including injuries, operations, invasive procedures) - Epileptic seizures - Immunopathological conditions and diseases (incl. acute allergic reactions and delayed-type hypersensitivity) - Acute and chronic inflammations - Chronic disorders (e.g., autoimmune, degenerative, demyelinating, metabolic) - Malignancies