Table 1.
Clinical trials summary showing the association of HRT and CVD in postmenopausal women.
| Trial | Prevention Type | Treatment | Target Group | Benefit/No Benefit | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1998 HERS 1 (4.1 years) | Secondary prevention of CVD | CEE + MPA | 2763 postmenopausal women >55 with CVD history | No benefit with increased risk of CHD | (Hulley et al., 1998) |
| 2000 ERA (3.2 years) | Secondary prevention of CVD | CEE + MPA | 309 postmenopausal women >55 with CHD history | No benefit | (Herrington et al., 2000) |
| 2001 WEST (2.8 years) | Secondary prevention of CVD | E2 | 664 postmenopausal women >55 with history of stroke | No benefit with increased vascular events | (Viscoli et al., 2001) |
| 2001 PHOREA (48 weeks) | Secondary prevention of CVD | E2 and gestodene | 321 postmenopausal women >55 with atherosclerosis | No benefit | (Angerer et al., 2001) |
| 2001 EPAT (2 years) | Primary prevention of CVD | E2 + statins | 199 postmenopausal women with high LDL-C | Slowed atherosclerosis progression if in early menopause | (Hodis et al., 2001) |
| 2002 ESPRIT (2 years) | Secondary prevention of CVD | E2 | 1017 postmenopausal women 55–69 after an MI | No benefit with increased vaginal bleeding | (Cherry et al., 2002) |
| 2002 HERS 2 (6.8 years) | Secondary prevention of CVD | CEE + MPA | 2321 postmenopausal women (survivors of 1998 trial) | No benefit with increased risk of ventricular arrythmias | (Hulley et al., 2002) |
| 2006 EAGER (42 months) | Secondary prevention of CVD | Either E2 or E2+MPA | 83 postmenopausal women after coronary bypass surgery | No benefit with increased risk of CAD in the remaining healthy coronary vessels | (Ouyang et al., 2006) |
| 2007 WISDOM (10 years) | Primary prevention of CVD | CEE or CEE + MPA | 5694 healthy postmenopausal women 50-79 | (Vickers et al., 2007) | |
| 2012 DOPS (16 years) | Primary prevention of CVD | E2 + norethisterone | 1006 Healthy postmenopausal women 45-58 | Significantly reduced risk of mortality HF or MI | (Schierbeck et al., 2012a) |
| 2013 ELITE (5 years) | Primary prevention of CVD and cognitive decline | E2 or E2 + progesterone | 643 Healthy postmenopausal women 55-65 | Slowed atherosclerosis progression if in early menopause | (Hodis et al., 2015) |
| 2019 KEEPS (4 years) | Primary prevention of CVD (carotid intima-media thickness) and coronary calcium | CEE or E2 + progesterone | 720 Healthy early postmenopausal women 42-58 | No benefit. Trend towards reduced coronary calcium and improved bone mineral density | (Miller et al., 2019) |
Clinical trials summary showing the association of HRT and CVD in post-menopausal women. CEE: conjugated equine estrogens; MPA: medroxyprogesterone acetate; HERS: Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study; ERA: Estrogen Replacement and Atherosclerosis; WEST: Women’s Estrogen for Stroke Trial; PHOREA: Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Against Atherosclerosis; ESPRIT: Estrogen in the Prevention of Reinfarction Trial; EAGAR: Estrogen and Graft Atherosclerosis Research; WISDOM: Women’s International Study of long Duration Oestrogen after Menopause; EPAT: Estrogen in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis Trial; DOPS: Danish Osteoporosis Prevention Study; ELITE: Early versus Late Intervention Trial with Estradiol; KEEPS: Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study.