Table 1.

Effect of different and elevated inflammatory markers on brain imaging findings.

Inflammatory Markers	Main cortical Findings
YKL-40	YKL-40 levels are found to be significantly increased in preclinical and AD groups. Furthermore, high levels can be positively correlated with cortical thinning in both middle and inferior temporal areas (Alcolea et al., 2015).
CRP	The direct association of CRP level with cognitive performance can't be proven, although higher levels can be associated with impaired cognitive executive functions. CRP levels may be related to white matter integrity in cortical regions, association fibers in both frontal and temporal lobes, and gray matter volume in the cortex (Taki et al. 2013)
PAI-1	An elevated level of PAI-1 can also be correlated with low speed and motor coordination's in addition to a significant loss in WM located in cortico-subcortical regions (Miralbell et al., 2012)
Il-6	Il-6 can be negatively associated with spatial processing, memory, verbal proficiency, and executive functions. Higher levels can also be related to decreased cortical thickness in the inferior occipital gyrus as well as the inferior temporal gyrus (McCarrey et al., 2014).
TNF-α	The TNF-α level was found to be associated with alterations in the gray matter GM structural network volume (Taishi et al., 2007; Benson et al., 2020)