Table 3.
Physiological and clinical measures at pre- and post-exercise intervention training in the fed (FED) and fasted (FAS) groups.
| Variables | FED group (N = 6 M + 9 F) |
FAS group (N = 4 M + 11 F) |
Time effect |
Interaction effects |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre- | Post- | Pre- | Post- | p value | p value | |
| Age (y) | 39 ± 13 | – | 36 ± 8 | – | – | – |
| Stature (cm) | 164 ± 9 | – | 162 ± 8 | – | – | – |
| Body mass (kg) | 63.2 ± 13.9 | 63.6 ± 13.3 | 64.0 ± 11 | 63.9 ± 10.8 | 0.90 | 0.50 |
| Body mass index (kg·m−2) | 23.3 ± 3.8 | 23.5 ± 3.7 | 24.2 ± 3.4 | 24.1 ± 3.2 | 0.87 | 0.46 |
| Body fat (%) | 27.2 ± 8.0 | 27.9 ± 7.7 | 30.2 ± 5.7 | 30.3 ± 6.3 | 0.67 | 0.33 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 117 ± 10 | 120 ± 15 | 120 ± 13 | 115 ± 11 | 0.10 | 0.06 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 75 ± 9 | 77 ± 11 | 78 ± 10 | 74 ± 9 | 0.08 | 0.049 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 89 ± 9 | 91 ± 12 | 92 ± 10 | 88 ± 8 | 0.07 | 0.04 |
| Absolute VO2peak (L·min−1) | 2.02 ± 0.73 | 2.11 ± 0.73 | 2.02 ± 0.55 | 2.13 ± 0.56 | 0.02 | 0.81 |
| Relative VO2peak (ml·kg−1·min−1) | 31.8 ± 9.3 | 33.4 ± 9.5 | 31.9 ± 8.5 | 33.6 ± 8.2 | 0.03 | 0.80 |
| Fasting glucose (mg·dL−1) | 87 ± 11 | 84 ± 7 | 80 ± 6 | 80 ± 7 | 0.83 | 0.27 |
| Fasting insulin (mU·L−1) | 9.5 ± 14.4 | 6.6 ± 3.0 | 7.7 ± 5.7 | 6.9 ± 3.9 | 0.75 | 0.55 |
| HOMA | 2.3 ± 4.0 | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 1.6 ± 1.3 | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 0.78 | 0.48 |
| Total cholesterol (mg·dL−1) | 196 ± 46 | 189 ± 42 | 209 ± 50 | 204 ± 42 | 0.36 | 0.70 |
| High density lipoprotein (mg·dL−1) | 65 ± 17 | 65 ± 16 | 67 ± 20 | 58 ± 17 | <0.001 | 0.01 |
| Low density lipoprotein (mg·dL−1) | 113 ± 34 | 108 ± 38 | 124 ± 37 | 127 ± 35 | 0.50 | 0.24 |
| Triglyceride (mg·dL−1) | 97 ± 84 | 81 ± 45 | 91 ± 51 | 100 ± 54 | 0.42 | 0.13 |
| MVC extension 30°·s−1 (Nm) | 128 ± 37 | 137 ± 49 | 151 ± 40 | 147 ± 23 | 0.58 | 0.15 |
| MVC flexion 30°·s−1 (Nm) | 67 ± 26 | 70 ± 26 | 67 ± 16 | 68 ± 12 | 0.87 | 0.71 |
| MVC extension 300°·s−1 (Nm) | 66 ± 18 | 74 ± 20 | 68 ± 23 | 74 ± 23 | 0.09 | 0.72 |
| MVC flexion 300°·s−1 (Nm) | 39 ± 13 | 44 ± 16 | 34 ± 9 | 40 ± 8 | 0.01 | 0.62 |
FED = non-fasted; FAS = fasted; M = male; F = female; Pre- = pre-exercise training; Post- = post-exercise training; BP = blood pressure; VO2peak = peak oxygen uptake; MVC = maximal voluntary contraction; HOMA = Homeostatic model assessment.
*there were no significant differences in baseline characteristics or pre-training values between FED and FAS groups (p > 0.05 for all variables).
* *values presented in mean ± SD.