Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics of Patients in Rhythm Control and Rate Control Groups
| Characteristic | HFpEF-AF Rate Control (n=212) | HFpEF-AF Rhythm Control (n=40) | P Value | HFrEF-AF Rate Control (n=179) | HFrEF-AF Rhythm Control (n=52) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 79.1 (11.2) | 73.6 (10.6) | .01 | 74.4 (12.4) | 66.8 (12.3) | .002 |
| Female, n (%) | 122 (57.5) | 22 (55.0) | .77 | 60 (33.5) | 17 (32.7) | .91 |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 31.3 (7.9) | 32.4 (8.1) | .80 | 31.3 (7.5) | 33.3 (8.2) | .09 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score,b mean (SD) | 5.2 (1.7) | 4.7 (2.0) | .19 | 4.6 (1.6) | 3.5 (1.6) | <.001 |
| White, n (%) | 204 (96.2) | 39 (97.5) | .69 | 173 (96.6) | 50 (96.2) | .86 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 94 (44.3) | 20 (50.0) | .79 | 94 (52.5) | 24 (46.2) | .60 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 181 (85.4) | 30 (75.0) | .10 | 135 (75.4) | 33 (63.5) | .09 |
| Prior MI, n (%) | 35 (16.5) | 6 (15.0) | .81 | 58 (32.4) | 8 (15.4) | .02 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 78 (36.8) | 12 (30.0) | .41 | 67 (37.4) | 17 (32.7) | .53 |
| Prior COPD, n (%) | 40 (18.9) | 8 (20.0) | .87 | 54 (30.2) | 2 (3.8) | <.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 29 (13.7) | 7 (17.5) | .53 | 20 (11.2) | 2 (3.8) | .11 |
| Dementia, n (%) | 12 (5.7) | 1 (2.5) | .36 | 4 (2.2) | 1 (1.9) | .89 |
| Malignancy, n (%) | 37 (17.5) | 3 (7.5) | .11 | 28 (15.6) | 12 (23.1) | .21 |
| Metastatic solid tumor, n (%) | 9 (4.2) | 0 (0.0) | .18 | 7 (3.9) | 0 (0.0) | .15 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 48 (22.6) | 8 (20.0) | .71 | 20 (11.2) | 3 (5.8) | .25 |
| Rheumatologic disease, n (%) | 15 (7.1) | 1 (2.5) | .28 | 7 (3.9) | 1 (1.9) | .49 |
| Prior stroke or TIA, n (%) | 48 (22.6) | 1 (2.5) | .51 | 28 (15.6) | 2 (3.8) | .03 |
| Chronic liver disease, n (%) | 2 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | .54 | 1 (0.6) | 1 (1.9) | .35 |
| β-Blocker, n (%) | 152 (71.7) | 32 (80.0) | .28 | 152 (84.9) | 48 (92.3) | .17 |
| Digoxin, n (%) | 26 (12.3) | 8 (20.0) | .19 | 71 (39.7) | 15 (28.8) | .16 |
| CCB, n (%) | 42 (19.8) | 12 (30.0) | .15 | 22 (12.3) | 6 (11.5) | .88 |
| Statin, n (%) | 92 (43.4) | 24 (60.0) | .05 | 117 (65.4) | 30 (57.7) | .31 |
| Furosemide, n (%) | 128 (60.4) | 23 (57.5) | .73 | 142 (79.3) | 40 (76.9) | .71 |
| Aldosterone, n (%) | 16 (7.5) | 1 (2.5) | .24 | 26 (14.5) | 9 (17.3) | .62 |
| ACE-I or ARB, n (%) | 111 (52.4) | 27 (67.5) | .08 | 138 (77.1) | 44 (84.6) | .24 |
| Warfarin or NOAC, n (%) | 128 (60.4) | 34 (85.0) | .003 | 113 (63.1) | 48 (92.3) | <.001 |
ACE-I=angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB=angiotensin receptor blockers; BMI=body mass index; CCB=calcium channel blocker; COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HFpEF-AF=atrial fibrillation and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF-AF=atrial fibrillation and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; MI=myocardial infarction; NOAC, novel oral anticoagulant; TIA, transient ischemic attack.