Table 2. Baseline alcohol abstinence subgroups, alcohol consumption, and deceased study participants 20 years after baseline, Cox proportional hazards model and logistic regression analysis.
| Baseline | Total mortality | Cardiovascular mortality | Cancer mortality | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohol abstinence, consumption | N | Deceased | Unadjusted | Adjusted for age and sex | N | Deceased | Unadjusted | Adjusted for age and sex | N | Deceased | Unadjusted | Adjusted for age and sex |
| n (%) | HR (CI) | HR (CI) | n (%) | OR (CI) | OR (CI) | n (%) | OR (CI) | |||||
| Alcohol abstainers all | ||||||||||||
| Alcohol abstinent (AUDIT-C = 0) | 447 | 119 (26.62) | 2.60 (2.09–3.24) | 2.06 (1.65–2.56) | 389 | 61 (15.68) | 3.85 (2.78–5.33) | 2.88 (2.07–3.99) | 370 | 42 (11.35) | 1.69 (1.18–2.40) | 1.69 (1.18–2.40) |
| Alcohol abstainer subgroups | ||||||||||||
| Former alcohol or drug dependence or abuse (subgroup 2) | 84 | 32 (38.10) | 4.02 (2.78–5.82) | 2.44 (1.68–3.56) | 64 | 12 (18.75) | 5.14 (2.65–9.98) | 2.74 (1.33–5.65) | 67 | 15 (22.39) | 4.81 (2.63–8.79) | 3.39 (1.76–6.53) |
| Former alcohol risk drinking (subgroup 3) | 14 | 6 (42.86) | 4.82 (2.14–10.82) | 2.77 (1.23–6.25) | 12 | 4 (33.33) | 11.15 (3.29–37.71) | 6.48 (1.66–25.29) | 10 | 2 (20.00) | 4.17 (0.88–19.84) | 2.57 (0.50–13.22) |
| Tried to cut down or to stop drinking (subgroup 4) | 16 | 6 (37.50) | 4.09 (1.82–9.19) | 2.41 (1.07–5.44) | 14 | 4 (28.75) | 8.92 (2.74–28.98) | 5.26 (1.35–20.53) | 10 | 0 (0.00) | - | - |
| Current daily smoker 20 or more cigarettes per day (subgroup 5) | 76 | 21 (27.63) | 2.75 (1.76–4.29) | 3.97 (2.54–6.22) | 63 | 8 (12.70) | 3.24 (1.50–7.01) | 6.42 (2.77–14.88) | 64 | 9 (14.06) | 2.73 (1.32–5.65) | 4.21 (1.94–9.17) |
| Current daily smoker 19 or less cigarettes per day (subgroup 6) | 39 | 8 (20.51) | 1.93 (0.96–3.91) | 2.78 (1.37–5.62) | 35 | 4 (11.43) | 2.88 (0.99–8.33) | 4.24 (1.26 14.25) | 34 | 3 (8.82) | 1.61 (0.49–5.35) | 2.71 (0.75–9.72) |
| Former daily smoker (subgroup 7) | 46 | 14 (30.43) | 3.00 (1.75–5.15) | 1.76 (1.03–3.02) | 43 | 11 (25.58) | 7.66 (3.74–15.70) | 4.16 (1.85–9.34) | 34 | 2 (5.88) | 1.04 (0.25–4.40) | 0.71 (0.16–3.10) |
| Health fair to poor (subgroup 8) | 47 | 18 (38.30) | 4.02 (2.49–6.49) | 2.22 (1.37–3.59) | 42 | 13 (30.95) | 9.99 (5.02–19.88) | 5.15 (2.46–10.77) | 33 | 4 (12.12) | 2.30 (0.80–6.65) | 1.10 (0.37–3.24) |
| Health excellent, very good or good (subgroup 1) | 125 | 14 (11.20) | 0.99 (0.58–1.69) | 0.88 (0.51–1.51) | 116 | 5 (4.31) | 1.00 (0.40–2.52) | 0.88 (0.34–2.30) | 118 | 7 (5.93) | 1.05 (0.48–2.31) | 0.89 (0.39–2.00) |
| Alcohol consumers | ||||||||||||
| Alcohol consumption low to moderate (AUDIT-C = 1–3) | 2,203 | 248 (11.26) | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 2,073 | 89 (4.29) | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 2,103 | 119 (5.66) | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Alcohol consumption moderate to high (AUDIT-C = 4) | 674 | 81 (12.02) | 1.07 (0.83–1.37) | 1.06 (0.82–1.37) | 634 | 29 (4.57) | 1.07 (0.70–1.64) | 1.04 (0.66–1.63) | 640 | 35 (5.47) | 0.96 (0.65–1.42) | 1.06 (0.71–1.59) |
| Alcohol consumption high (AUDIT-C = 5) | 383 | 58 (15.14) | 1.37 (1.03–1.82) | 1.26 (0.94–1.69) | 350 | 22 (6.29) | 1.50 (0.92–2.42) | 1.33 (0.79–2.24) | 350 | 22 (6.29) | 1.12 (0.70–1.79) | 1.16 (0.70–1.92) |
| Alcohol consumption very high (AUDIT-C = 6–7) | 228 | 39 (17.11) | 1.58 (1.13–2.22) | 1.45 (1.02–2.05) | 210 | 18 (8.57) | 2.09 (1.23–3.54) | 1.89 (1.07–3.34) | 207 | 15 (7.25) | 1.30 (0.75–2.27) | 1.38 (0.76–2.49) |
| Alcohol consumption extremely high (AUDIT-C = 8–12) | 93 | 28 (30.11) | 3.03 (2.05–4.48) | 3.02 (2.03–4.51) | 80 | 15 (18.75) | 5.14 (2.82–9.38) | 6.26 (3.18–12.31) | 73 | 8 (10.96) | 2.05 (0.96–4.38) | 2.42 (1.07–5.44) |
Study participants with baseline and vital status data: 4,028. N number of persons at baseline. n number of persons who had been deceased. % proportion of deceased among the persons at baseline who had vital status information at follow-up. Cox proportional hazards model for total mortality. The Cox proportional hazards assumption according to the Schoenfeld criterion is fulfilled. Logistic regression analysis if the proportional hazards assumption was not fulfilled. Alcohol abstinent: last 12 months prior to the interview at baseline. Subgroup 1: estimated their health as good to excellent and had no criteria fulfilled for alcohol or drug dependence or abuse, had no alcohol risk drinking, had not tried to cut down or to stop alcohol drinking, and had never been daily smokers. Subgroup 2: ever had one or more criteria for an alcohol or drug dependence or abuse fulfilled in life. Subgroup 3: had none of the risk factors of subgroup 2 but had practiced alcohol risk drinking. Subgroup 4: had none of the risk factors of subgroups 2–3 but had tried to cut down or to stop alcohol drinking. Subgroup 5: had none of the risk factors of subgroups 2–4 but were current daily smokers of 20 or more cigarettes per day. Subgroup 6: had none of the risk factors of subgroups 2–5 but were current daily smokers of 19 or less cigarettes per day. Subgroup 7: had none of the risk factors of subgroups 2–6 but were former daily smokers. Subgroup 8: had none of the risk factors of subgroups 2–7 but disclosed fair to poor health. AUDIT-C, value range 0–12.–no death cases.
AUDIT-C, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-Consumption; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; OR, odds ratio.