Table 4. Baseline alcohol consumption low to moderate versus alcohol abstinence in subgroups, deceased study participants 20 years after baseline, and time to death, Cox proportional hazards model.
| Subgroups | Total mortality | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline alcohol consumption low to moderate | Baseline alcohol abstinent | Pearson chi-squared significance* | ||||||
| N | Deceased | N | Deceased | Unadjusted | Adjusted for age and sex | |||
| n (%) | HR | n (%) | HR (CI) | HR (CI) | ||||
| Former alcohol or drug dependence or abuse (subgroup 2) | 167 | 15 (8.98) | 1.00 [Reference] | 85 | 33 (38.82) | 5.15 (2.79–9.49) | 3.12 (1.64–5.93) | < .001 |
| Former alcohol risk drinking (subgroup 3) | 69 | 8 (11.59) | 1.00 [Reference] | 14 | 6 (42.86) | 4.69 (1.62–13.58) | 4.02 (1.28–12.61) | < .01 |
| Had tried to cut down or to stop drinking (subgroup 4) | 77 | 13 (16.88) | 1.00 [Reference] | 15 | 5 (33.33) | 2.18 (0.78–6.13) | 1.40 (0.49–3.99) | = .142 |
| Current daily smoker 20 or more cigarettes per day (subgroup 5) | 392 | 58 (14.80) | 1.00 [Reference] | 76 | 21 (27.63) | 2.03 (1.23–3.35) | 2.29 (1.38–3.80) | < .01 |
| Current daily smoker 19 or less cigarettes per day (subgroup 6) | 238 | 33 (13.87) | 1.00 [Reference] | 39 | 8 (20.51) | 1.56 (0.72–3.78) | 1.96 (0.90–4.27) | = .279 |
| Former daily smoker (subgroup 7) | 317 | 38 (11.99) | 1.00 [Reference] | 45 | 14 (31.11) | 2.83 (1.53–5.23) | 1.96 (1.05–3.67) | < .01 |
| Ever less than daily smoker (subgroup 7a) | 527 | 45 (8.54) | 1.00 [Reference] | 62 | 6 (9.68) | 1.16 (0.49–2.71) | 1.00 (0.43–2.35) | = .763 |
| Health fair to poor (subgroup 8) | 80 | 12 (15.00) | 1.00 [Reference] | 31 | 12 (38.71) | 3.12 (1.40–6.95) | 3.00 (1.34–6.71) | < .01 |
| Health excellent, very good, or good (subgroup 1) | 330 | 26 (7.88) | 1.00 [Reference] | 79 | 14 (17.72) | 2.34 (1.22–4.48) | 1.88 (0.97–3.62) | < .01 |
Cox proportional hazards model. Study participants with baseline and vital status data. Alcohol consumption low to moderate: AUDIT-C 1–3. Alcohol abstinent: last 12 months alcohol abstinent last 12 months prior to the baseline interview according to AUDIT-C. N number of persons at baseline. n number of persons who had been deceased. % proportion of deceased among the persons at baseline who had vital status information at follow-up. The Cox proportional hazards assumption according to the Schoenfeld criterion is fulfilled except sex in subgroup 1 in model 2. Subgroup 1: estimated their health as good to excellent and had no criteria fulfilled for alcohol or drug dependence or abuse, had no alcohol risk drinking, had not tried to cut down or to stop alcohol drinking, and had never smoked in life before. Subgroup 2: ever had one or more criteria for an alcohol or drug dependence or abuse fulfilled in life and were never, ever less than daily, former daily, or current daily smoker. Subgroup 3: had none of the risk factors of subgroup 2 but had practiced alcohol risk drinking and were never, ever less than daily, former daily, or current daily smoker. Subgroup 4: had none of the risk factors of subgroups 2–3 but had tried to cut down or to stop alcohol drinking and were never, ever less than daily, former daily, or current daily smoker. Subgroup 5: had none of the risk factors of subgroups 2–4 but were current daily smokers of 20 or more cigarettes per day. Subgroup 6: had none of the risk factors of subgroups 2–5 but were current daily smokers of 19 or less cigarettes per day. Subgroup 7: had none of the risk factors of subgroups 2–6 but were former daily smokers. Subgroup 7a: had none of the risk factors of subgroups 2–6 but were ever less than daily smokers. Subgroup 8: had none of the risk factors of subgroups 2–7a but disclosed fair to poor health and had never smoked in life before.
AUDIT-C, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-Consumption; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio adjusted for age and sex.