Table 2.
| Type of research–Design | Research tool | Statistical analysis | Sample size per group | Response Rate | Follow up rate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | School-based interventional follow-up study | Questionnaires | EpiData 3.1 SPSS statistical software version 18 (p-value <0.05) |
751 students– control group 924 students – intervention group |
100% | 100% |
| 2 | Cross-sectional survey | Questionnaires 1. Demographic data 2. HPV awareness, perceptions, and experiences 3. 18-item HPV knowledge scale |
STATA Chi-square tests |
———— | 100% | 100% |
| 3 | Nationwide longitudinal survey | Questionnaires 1. Demographic data 2. Mean knowledge score of HPV infection |
SPSS statistical software (p-value <0.05) | ———— | 70% (2,005 female students) | 70% (2,005 female students ) |
| 4 | Qualitative study | Interview and discussion groups | ———— | ———— | 100% | 100% |
| 5 | Cross-sectional study/ observational study | Questionnaires 1. Demographic data 2. HPV vaccination knowledge and health belief |
STATA v14.2 software (p-value ≤ 0.05) ANOVA ( Scheffe post-hoc and Mann-Whitney test) (p < 0.1) |
———— | 22% (141 young adult women) | 22% (141 young adult women ) |
| 6 | Observational study | 5 lectures, 60 min. each regarding HPV Questionnaires pre- and post,- assessing knowledge, attitudes and beliefs related to cervical cancer screening, HPV, and the HPV vaccine |
SPSS statistical software (p-value <0.05) | ———— | 79% (57 students) | 79% (57 students) |
| 7 | Exploratory examination | Questionnaires 1. Demographic data 2. HPV vaccination status and vaccination intentions 3. Understanding health-related information (Health Literacy measure, Subjective Numeracy Scale) 4. Deliberation (Cognitive Reflection Task 2.0) 5. Managing uncertainty (Brief Need for Cognitive Closure Scale, Actively Open-Minded Thinking Scale) 6. Managing threat (Social Dominance Orientation Scale) |
ANOVA (p-value <0.05) | 50% aged 18 – 21 years 50% aged 22 – 26 years |
84% (1406 adults) | 84% (1406 adults) |
| 8 | Cross-sectional study, qualitative methodology | Questionnaires 1. Demographic data 2. Knowledge item scale Intervention: Leaflet, an expert interview, Documentary |
———— | 1) non-vaccinated teenagers aged 12–17 years (16) 2) non-vaccinated young women aged 18 -26 years (11) 3) mothers of non-vaccinated daughters aged 12-17 years (13) |
100% | 100% |
| 9 | Cross-sectional study | Questionnaire | SPSS statistical software version 20 (p-value <0.05) | ———— | 92,7% (525 students) | 92,7% (525 students) |
| 10 | Cross-sectional study | Questionnaire | SPSS statistical software (p-value <0.05) | ———— | 100% | 100% |
| 11 | Cross-sectional study | Questionnaire | SPSS statistical software version 22 (p-value <0.05) | ———— | 100% | 100% |
| 12 | Annual cross-sectional household survey | Data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s 2014 National Immunization Survey-Teen | STATA v14 software (p-value ≤ 0.05) Chi-square tests |
———— | 100% | 13,25% (1688 teenagers) |
| 13 | Epidemiologic study | Questionnaire | SPSS statistical software version 18 (p-value <0.05) | ———— | 87% (4507 adolescents) | 87% (4507 adolescents) |