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. 2020 Aug 8;73(9):e3446–e3455. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1146

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Figure 2. — Individual studies demonstrating evidence for effect modification on Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in case contacts by clinical characteristics of the HIV-tuberculosis coinfected index case. We present here results from individual studies that show modification of the infectiousness of HIV-positive and HIV-negative index cases. These studies are stratified by the severity of tuberculosis in the index case (as measured through smear positivity and cavitary status) and the severity of the HIV status of the index case (as measured through CD4 count and AIDS status). Huang and colleagues (2014) is presented here rather than Aibana and colleagues (2016) which is part of the same cohort. We present here Huang and colleagues’ study because they include CD4 count. The study by Aibana and colleagues is presented and analyzed in the rest of the paper because study-level data on outcomes from contacts of HIV-positive and HIV-negative contacts were not extractable from the Huang and colleagues study. Abbreviations: HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; RR, relative risk; TST, tuberculin skin test. * All index cases have tuberculosis. This column stratifies tuberculosis index cases by their HIV status and other secondary modifying variables related to the severity of HIV or tuberculosis. • Adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, alcohol intake, nutritional status, number of BCG scars, household smoke exposure, relation to the tuberculosis case from household contacts; age, sex, cavitary lung disease, smear status, and treatment delay from tuberculosis cases. ^†Adjusted for age, education level, and alcohol status of the household contact; sputum smear and cavitary status of the tuberculosis case; and the number of individuals in the household. ^¥Adjusted for female sex and sputum smear grade of the tuberculosis case, and household clustering. ^¶Smear negative, culture negative index cases were grouped together with smear negative, culture positive cases in this group. The prevalence of positive skin tests was roughly equivalent in both their sets of contacts. ^‡New-onset AIDS was diagnosed before contact testing while previously diagnosed AIDS was diagnosed before contact testing.