Table 4.
Effects of the Cholera Hospital-based Intervention for 7 Days (CHoBI7) Mobile Health Program on Handwashing With Soap at Stool- and Food-related Events During 5-Hour Structured Observation (Individuals >2 Years of Age)
| Study Arm | Individuals Handwashing With Soap at a Stool- or Food-related Event | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Week (n = 297) | 1 Month (n = 276) | 3 Months (n = 233) | 6 Months (n = 349) | 9 Months (n = 352) | 12 Months (n = 382) | |||||||
| % | OR (95% CI) | % | OR (95% CI) | % | OR (95% CI) | % | OR (95% CI) | % | OR (95% CI) | % | OR (95% CI) | |
| Standard message | 40 | – | 27 | – | 23 | – | 30 | – | 23 | – | 31 | – |
| mHealth with no home visits | 70 | 3.38 (1.67–6.84) | 50 | 2.72 (1.40–5.27) | 52 | 3.63 (1.77–7.45) | 48 | 2.19 (1.25–3.83) | 34 | 1.69 (.94–3.04) | 44 | 1.73 (1.08–2.78) |
| mHealth with 2 home visits | 71 | 3.60 (1.84–7.05) | 52 | 2.89 (1.47–5.67) | 58 | 4.67 (2.39–9.10) | 40 | 1.54 (.92–2.59) | 39 | 2.13 (1.19–3.79) | 31 | 1.02 (.61–1.69) |
| mHealth with 2 home visits vs mHealth with no home visits | – | 1.06 (.61–1.86) | – | 1.06 (.55–2.04) | – | 1.29 (.65–2.56) | – | 0.71 (.40–1.26) | – | 1.26 (.75–2.12) | – | 0.59 (.36–.97) |
| Individuals Handwashing With Soap at a Food-related Event | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Week (n = 279) | 1 Month (n = 253) | 3 Months (n = 221) | 6 Months (n = 326) | 9 Months (n = 321) | 12 Months (n = 347) | |||||||
| % | OR (95% CI) | % | OR (95% CI) | % | OR (95% CI) | % | OR (95% CI) | % | OR (95% CI) | % | OR (95% CI) | |
| Standard message | 26 | – | 13 | – | 12 | – | 15 | – | 10 | – | 9 | – |
| mHealth with no home visits | 47 | 2.56 (1.20–5.49) | 36 | 3.89 (1.62–9.33) | 34 | 3.63 (1.64–8.05) | 26 | 1.92 (.95–3.87) | 26 | 3.16 (1.47–6.80) | 34 | 5.16 (2.38–11.19) |
| mHealth with 2 home visits | 59 | 4.07 (1.95–8.51) | 44 | 5.42 (2.34–12.55) | 38 | 4.27 (1.97–9.26) | 26 | 1.97 (.99–3.93) | 22 | 2.50 (1.17–5.33) | 25 | 3.34 (1.53–7.31) |
| mHealth with 2 home visits vs mHealth with no home visits | – | 1.59 (.87–2.90) | – | 1.39 (.67–2.91) | – | 1.17 (.58–2.36) | – | 1.03 (.51–2.08) | – | 0.79 (.40–1.58) | – | 0.65 (.35–1.18) |
| Individuals Handwashing With Soap at a Stool-related Event | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Week (n = 221) | 1 Month (n = 178) | 3 Months (n = 148) | 6 Months (n = 198) | 9 Months (n = 203) | 12 Months (n = 241) | |||||||
| % | OR (95% CI) | % | OR (95% CI) | % | OR (95% CI) | % | OR (95% CI) | % | OR (95% CI) | % | OR (95% CI) | |
| Standard message | 36 | – | 35 | – | 31 | – | 44 | – | 30 | – | 38 | – |
| mHealth with no home visits | 71 | 4.26 (1.85–9.80) | 50 | 1.89 (.91–3.94) | 57 | 2.97 (1.32–6.70) | 57 | 1.65 (.81–3.35) | 35 | 1.22 (.59–2.54) | 37 | 0.96 (.51–1.79) |
| mHealth with 2 home visits | 67 | 3.50 (1.64–7.48) | 51 | 1.96 (.89–4.31) | 60 | 3.35 (1.58–7.13) | 45 | 1.05 (.54–2.05) | 49 | 2.23 (1.06–4.68) | 34 | 0.83 (.43–1.57) |
| mHealth with 2 home visits vs mHealth with no home visits | – | 0.82 (.44–1.53) | – | 1.03 (.52–2.07) | – | 1.13 (.51–2.52) | – | 0.64 (.30–1.34) | – | 1.82 (.93–3.58) | – | 0.86 (.44–1.68) |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; mHealth, mobile health; OR, odds ratio.