Table 4.
Subgroup Analysis of Pooled Effect Sizes for the Association of Male Sex With All-Cause Mortality Among Patients With Tuberculosis
| Pooled ORsa | Pooled HRsa | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subgroup Characteristics | No. of Studies | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | I 2 Statistic | P Valueb | No. of Studies | Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | I 2 Statistic | P Valueb |
| Income status of country | ||||||||
| Low | 18 | 1.19 (1.03–1.38] | 27.6 | .06 | 7 | 1.17 (1.02–1.35) | 44.7 | .02 |
| Middle | 60 | 1.19 (1.09–1.32) | 75.4 | 21 | 1.06 (.94–1.19) | 55.9 | ||
| High | 41 | 1.39 (1.26–1.52) | 80.1 | 13 | 1.34 (1.20–1.56) | 48.3 | ||
| Tuberculosis burden | ||||||||
| High | 65 | 1.19 (1.09–1.30) | 74.2 | .03 | 23 | 1.08 (.98–1.20) | 57.1 | .031 |
| Low | 54 | 1.37 (1.26–1.49) | 74.9 | 18 | 1.30 (1.14–1.49) | |||
| HIV-tuberculosis burden | ||||||||
| High | 66 | 1.19 (1.09–1.36) | 73.9 | .03 | 24 | 1.10 (.99–1.21) | 58.2 | .08 |
| Low | 53 | 1.37 (1.25–1.50) | 75.3 | 17 | 1.28 (1.12–1.47) | 56.8 | ||
| Continent | ||||||||
| Africa | 44 | 1.19 (1.08–1.30) | 43.1 | <.001 | 17 | 1.14 (1.03–1.25) | 48.9 | .004 |
| Asia | 48 | 1.32 (1.19–1.47) | 76.9 | 17 | 1.19 (1.01–1.41) | 68.5 | ||
| Europe | 11 | 1.41 (1.35–1.47) | 0 | 2 | 2.35 (1.04–5.28) | 22.5 | ||
| North America | 9 | 1.16 (.96–1.40) | 23.6 | 4 | 1.38 (1.17–1.62) | 0 | ||
| South America | 6 | 0.97 (.94–1.01) | 0 | 3 | 0.78 (.61–1.00) | 0 | ||
| Australia/Pacific | 2 | 2.13 (1.72–2.63) | 0 | … | … | … | ||
| Drug resistance pattern of tuberculosis | ||||||||
| Drug sensitive | 24 | 1.31 (1.13–1.52) | 62.6 | .88 | 1 | 1.75 (1.43–2.15) | 0 | .05 |
| Drug resistant | 23 | 1.18 (1.03–1.34) | 46.5 | 9 | 1.23 (1.04–1.61) | 10 | ||
| Multidrug resistant | 11 | 1.26 (1.01–1.57) | 50.2 | 6 | 1.23 (.98–1.62) | 15 | ||
| Extensively drug resistant | 1 | 1.19 (.64–2.21) | … | 1 | 0.86 (.54–1.37) | … | ||
| Tuberculosis-HIV coinfection | ||||||||
| HIV negative | 4 | 1.55 (1.12–2.16) | 32.15 | .03 | 3 | 1.53 (1.22–1.90) | 24.4 | .005 |
| HIV positive | 21 | 0.97 (.94–1.01) | 42.98 | 14 | 1.04 (.89–1.21) | 44.0 | ||
| Tuberculosis site | ||||||||
| Pulmonary | 29 | 1.36 (1.16–1.59) | 76.4 | .29 | 12 | 1.29 (1.07–1.56) | 68.7 | .12 |
| Extrapulmonary | 11 | 1.13 (.94–1.36) | 0 | 2 | 1.00 (.77–1.30) | 0 | ||
| DOTS implementation in study country | ||||||||
| Implemented | 111 | 1.33 (1.15–1.43) | 74.9 | .09 | 35 | 1.15 (1.07–1.26) | 58.7 | .60 |
| Not implemented | 19 | 1.47 (1.21–1.60) | 66.9 | 5 | 1.25 (.93–1.68) | 73.2 | ||
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; DOTS, directly observed treatment, short-course; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HR, hazard ratio; OR, odds ratio.
aStudies reporting outcomes in intensive care unit settings were excluded from the subgroup analyses.
b P values pertain to the difference in the ORs and HRs for mortality in male patients among the subgroups.