Table 2.
Clinical, Analytical and Radiological Characteristics of the Acute Episode in Patients With ACS and Comparison With Patients With COVID-19 Without ACS (Control Group A) and With Patients Without COVID-19 With ACS(Control Group B)
| Cases (COVID-19 and ACS), n = 110 | Control Group A (COVID-19 and Non-ACS), n = 330 | Control Group B (Non-COVID-19 and ACS), n = 330 | p Value* | p Value† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symptoms at ED arrival, n (%) | |||||
| Duration of symptoms (days), median (IQR) | 3 (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) | 7 (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) | 1 (0–3) | <0.001‡ | <0.001‡ |
| Lasting ≥3 days | 47 (42.7) | 243 (73.6) | 57 (17.3) | <0.001‡ | <0.001‡ |
| Fever | 46 (41.82) | 193 (58.48) | 4 (1.21) | 0.002‡ | <0.001‡ |
| Cough | 42 (38.18) | 191 (57.88) | 9 (2.73) | <0.001‡ | <0.001‡ |
| Dyspnea | 73 (66.36) | 182 (55.15) | 88 (26.67) | 0.039‡ | <0.001‡ |
| Chest pain | 69 (62.73) | 42 (12.73) | 285 (86.36) | <0.001‡ | <0.001‡ |
| Syncope | 8 (7.27) | 14 (4.24) | 21 (6.36) | 0.21 | 0.74 |
| Abdominal pain | 7 (6.36) | 17 (5.15) | 19 (5.76) | 0.63 | 0.82 |
| Vomiting | 8 (7.27) | 24 (7.27) | 31 (9.39) | 1 | 0.49 |
| Diarrhea | 13 (11.82) | 54 (16.36) | 5 (1.52) | 0.25 | <0.001‡ |
| Confusion | 11 (10.00) | 25 (7.58) | 13 (3.94) | 0.42 | 0.015‡ |
| Headache | 8 (7.27) | 39 (11.82) | 4 (1.21) | 0.18 | 0.001‡ |
| Anosmia or dysgeusia | 3 (2.7) | 32 (9.7) | 2 (0.6) | 0.02‡ | 0.07 |
| Signs at ED arrival | |||||
| Fever (>37.3°C) | 29 (26.6) | 76 (23.5) | 4 (1.2) | 0.52 | <0.001‡ |
| Hypotension (<90 mm Hg) | 6 (5.5) | 7 (2.2) | 12 (3.6) | 0.08‡ | 0.40 |
| Tachycardia (>100 beats/min) | 18 (16.4) | 72 (22.3) | 44 (13.4) | 0.19 | 0.44 |
| Hypoxemia (pulse oximetry <96%) | 65 (59.6) | 148 (45.5) | 94 (28.5) | 0.01‡ | <0.001‡ |
| Laboratory findings, mean (SD) | |||||
| Raised troponin (>99th percentile) | 90 (85.7) | 28 (24.1) | 274 (86.4) | <0.001‡ | 0.85 |
| Creatinine >1.3 mg/dL) | 31 (28.4) | 43 (14.2) | 68 (21.3) | 0.001‡ | 0.12 |
| Hemoglobin <120 g/L | 34 (31.8) | 52 (17.2) | 65 (20.0) | 0.001‡ | 0.012‡ |
| Lymphocytes count <1000 cells/μL | 51 (48.6) | 112 (39.0) | 45 (15.0) | 0.09 | <0.001‡ |
| C-reactive protein >5 mg/dL | 49 (53.8) | 157 (55.1) | 32 (19.0) | 0.84 | <0.001‡ |
| D-dimer >500 ng/mL | 60 (72.3) | 150 (60.0) | 19 (20.4) | 0.04 | <0.001‡ |
⁎
Values refer to comparison between cases and control group A.
†
Values refer to comparison between cases and control group B.
‡
Statistically significant (p < 0.05).
ACS = acute coronary syndrome; ED = emergency department; IQR = interquartile range; SD = standard deviation.