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. 2021 Jan 18;47(5):1261–1287. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa181

Table 2.

Frequency of Internalized Stigma

Area Study Country N Mean IS total score SD n High IS (%)
Europe SMI Evans-Lacko51 Multi-site 1835 2.2 0.5 - -
Grambal169 Czech Republic 184 2.19 0.5 - -
Rusch58 Switzerland 186 1.9 0.6 - -
Xu57 Switzerland 141 1.91 0.61 - -
Kamaradova170 Czech Republic 332 2.10 0.5 - -
Bradstreet45 UK 272 2.2 0.49 - -
Krajewski33 Multi-site 786 2.29 (1.96–2.71) 0.5 786 33% (15.2%–57.4%)
Dubreucq93 France 738 2.20 0.51 738 31.2%
Oexle96 Switzerland 222 2.10 0.55 - -
Rusch107 Switzerland 116 2.15 0.54 - -
Szczesniak171 Poland 114 2.23 0.5 - -
Weighted total 4926 2.18 0.26 1524 32%
Schizophrenia Brohan9 Multi-site 1129 2.40 (2.0–2.97) 0.56 1129 41.7%
Vidovic126 Croatia 149 2.13 0.93 149 22.8%
Sibitz172 Austria 157 2.09 0.67 - -
Galderisi173 Italia 921 2.1 0.5 - -
Rossi174 Italia 910 2.2 0.44 - -
Aukst-Margetic81 Croatia 117 2.13 0.44 - -
Hofer30 Austria 52 2.01 0.51 - -
Bouvet175 France 62 2.23 0.46 - -
Vrbova176 Czech Republic 197 2.18 0.46 - -
Surmann177 Germany 80 2.12 0.47 - -
Dubreucq93 France 466 2.18 0.51 466 29.8%
Holubova178 Czech Republic 103 2.20 0.47 - -
Szczesniak171 Poland 51 2.19 0.5 - -
Uhlmann179 Germany 23 2.0 0.5 - -
Vrbova176 Czech Republic 197 2.18 0.47 - -
Switaj83 Poland 110 2.39 0.53 - -
Weighted total 4724 2.21 0.27 1744 36.9%
Bipolar disorders/MDD Brohan10 Multi-site 577 1.94 BD 1.97 0.87 1182 21.7%
603 2.11 MDD
Bipolar disorders Post180 Austria 60 1.9 BD 0.57 - -
Dubreucq93 France 117 2.2 0.53 117 29.9%
Quenneville181 Switzerland 69 2.27 0.5 - -
Szczesniak171 Poland 19 2.39 0.5 - -
MDD Lanfredi182 Multi-site 516 2.2 0.5 - -
Dubreucq93 France 27 2.29 0.56 27 40.7%
Holubova178 Czech Republic 80 1.96 0.42 - -
Prasko95 Czech Republic 72 2.36 0.49 - -
Szczesniak171 Poland 42 2.46 0.6 - -
Weighted total BD
MDD		 842 2.01 0.60 1326 22.7%
1340 2.16 0.47
Anxiety disorders Ociskova183 Czech Republic 109 2.24 0.49 - -
Grambal169 Czech Republic 37 1.98 0.54
Dubreucq93 France 19 2.35 0.56 19 42.1%
OCD Moritz184 Germany 50 1.99 0.48 - -
Weighted total - 215 2.14 - 19 42.1%
BPD Grambal169 Czech Republic 35 2.45 0.50 - -
Dubreucq93 France 64 2.36 0.47 64 43.8%
Quenneville181 Switzerland 39 2.56 0.66 - -
Personality disorder Kamaradova170 Czech Republic 17 2.37 0.58 - -
Weighted total - 155 2.43 - 64 43.8%
North America SMI Livingston36 Canada 91 2.13 0.38 91 10%
Livingston37 Canada 71 2.10 0.35 71 9%
Livingston43 Canada 94 2.22 0.49 94 23.4%
West13 USA 144 1.72 0.57 144 36.1% (31%–41%)
Ritscher-Boyd112 USA - - - 82 28%
Ritscher-Boyd185 USA 149 2.19 0.52 149 24.8%
Drapalski186 USA 100 2.3 0.4 100 35%
Harris38 USA 235 2.31 0.47 235 37%
Chronister187 USA 101 2.2 0.45 101 25%
Kira188 USA 330 2.16 0.72 330 40.1%
Tomar189 USA 108 2.31 0.5 108 40.7%
Pearl105 USA 319 2.11 0.53 - -
Jahn190 USA 516 2.25 0.49 - -
Villotti191 USA 170 1.95 0.47 - -
Weighted total - 2428 2.16 1505 31.4%
Schizophrenia Firmin192 USA - - - 111 36.5% (25%–45%)
O’Connor133 USA - - - 353 50%
Link193 USA - - - 65 26.2%
Lysaker101 USA 70 2.36 0.54
Weighted total - 70 2.36 0.29 529 44.2%
Bipolar disorders Howland42 USA 115 2.22 0.48 115 26%
Bassirnia194 USA 112 1.94 0.47 - -
Weighted total 227 2.08 0.22
South America Schizophrenia Caqueo-Uritzar34 Multi-site 253 2.3 0.54 253 38.6% (28.6%–48.7%)
Weighted total 253 2.3 0.29
Australia Schizophrenia Hill195 Australia 60 2.56 0.49 - -
Weighted total 60 2.56 0.24
South Asia SMI Grover196 India 1,403 2.29 0.47 1403 29.4%
Maharjan197 Nepal - - - 180 52%
Weighted total - 1403 2.29 0.22 1583 28.6%
Schizophrenia Grover196 India 707 2.37 0.51 707 37.9%
Singh198 India 100 2.3 0.40 100 29%
Pal199 India 32 2.74 0.40 - -
Weighted total - 839 2.37 0.24 807 36.8%
Bipolar disorders Grover196 India 344 2.23 0.38 344 20.6%
Pal199 India 59 2.25 0.38 - -
Grover200 India 185 2.33 0.43 185 28%
Weighted total - 588 2.26 0.15 529 23.2%
MDD Grover196 India 352 2.19 0.45 352 21%
Sahoo201 India 107 2.39 0.57 107 40.1%
Weighted total - 459 2.23 0.23 459 25.5%
Anxiety disorders Pal199 India 30 1.97 0.37 - -
South-East Asia SMI Picco202 Singapore 280 2.37 0.54 280 43.6%
Ho97 China 136 2.3 0.6 136 36.8%
Young35 China 474 2.42 (2.34–2.50) 0.52 474 43.5% (38.3%–49.5%)
Kim39 South Korea 160 2.06 0.36 160 8.1%
Kao40 Taiwan 251 2.26 0.51 251 50%
Weighted total - 1301 2.32 0.26 1301 39.7%
Schizophrenia Lv138 China 95 2.17 0.38 95 20%
Hsiao61 Taiwan 111 2.33 0.53 111 27%
Lien76 Taiwan 170 2.36 0.52 170 39.4%
Kao40 Taiwan 151 2.42 0.44 151 51%
Li139 China 384 2.30 0.39 - -
Hofer30 Japan 60 2.16 0.42 - -
Ran127 China 232 2.46 0.28 - -
Mak67 China 162 2.34 0.61 - -
Shin88 South Korea 70 2.11 0.53 - -
Pribadi203 Indonesia 300 2.5 0.94 300 34%
Picco202 Singapore 74 2.41 0.52
Kim204 South Korea 123 2.15 0.50 - -
Lu205 China 92 2.11 0.45 - -
Park206 South Korea 321 2.51 0.65 - -
Weighted total - 2345 2.36 0.32 827 32.4%
Bipolar disorder Ran127 China 39 2.36 0.30 - -
Weighted total 2.36 0.09
MDD Picco202 Singapore 74 2.44 0.55 - -
Woon207 Malaysia 99 2.0 0.6 99 23.2%
Ran127 China 182 2.43 0.28 - -
Weighed total 355 2.31 0.20 99 23.2%
Anxiety Disorders
OCD		 Picco202 Singapore 71 2.23 0.56 - -
Picco202 Singapore 61 2.41 0.49 - -
Weighted total - 132 2.31
Middle East SMI Ghanean208 Iran - - - 138 39%
Tanriverdi209 Turkey 217 2.59 0.33 - -
Hasson-Ohayon210 Israel 107 2.28 0.49 - -
Korkmaz211 Turkey 224 2.53 0.48 - -
Weighted total 548 2.50 0.18
Schizophrenia Sarisoy41 Turkey 109 2.17 0.51 109 29.4%
Çapar212 Turkey 250 2.76 0.37 - -
Olçun213 Turkey 76 2.51 0.55 - -
Yilmaz214 Turkey 63 2.63 0.49 - -
Yildirim94 Turkey 200 2.74 0.46 - -
Tanriverdi209 Turkey 46 2.54 0.25
Weighted total - 744 2.61 0.32 109 29.4%
Bipolar disorders Sarisoy41 Turkey 118 2.10 0.46 118 18.5%
Cerit215 Turkey 80 2.12 0.39 - -
Sadighi216 Iran 126 1.90 0.87 126 27.6%
Tanriverdi209 Turkey 63 2.52 0.32 - -
Weighted total - 387 2.10 0.35 244 19.2%
Africa SMI Adewuya217 Nigeria - - - 340 21.6%
Girma53 Ethiopia 422 2.32 0.30 422 25.1%
Ibrahim55 Nigeria - - - 370 22.5%
Asrat218 Ethiopia - - - 317 32.1%
Weighted total 422 2.32 0.09 1449 25.1%
Schizophrenia Mosanya125 Nigeria 256 1.94 0.68 256 18.8%
Fadipe219 Nigeria 370 2.09 0.43 370 16.5%
Assefa220 Ethiopia - - - 212 46.7%
Bifftu124 Ethiopia - - - 411 48.6%
Weighted total - 626 2.03 0.29 1249 32.6%

Note: MDD, Major Depressive Disorder; OCD, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; BPD, Borderline Personality Disorder; SMI, Severe Mental Illness. Mean Internalized Stigma refers to ISMI mean total score. High Internalized Stigma refers to the proportion of patients with ISMI > 2.5 or above the midpoint on other scales. Bold faces represents the total sample and the weighted means and proportions.