Table 5.
Longitudinal Correlates and Consequences of Self-stigma
| A. | B. | C. | D. | E. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of studies (n = 41) | Non-significant relationship (P > 0.05) | Significant relationship (P < 0.05) | Positive relationship (P < 0.05) | Negative relationship (P < 0.05) | ||||||
| Variables | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % |
| Correlates of increased self-stigma at follow-up | ||||||||||
| Female sex | 5 | 12.2 | 4 | 80 | 1 | 20 | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Hospitalizations | 1 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Duration of untreated psychosis | 1 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Baseline psychiatric symptoms | 5 | 12.2 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 100 | 5 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Shame, self-contempt about IH and stigma stress | 2 | 4.9 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 100 | 2 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Negative coping strategies | 1 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Correlates of reduced self-stigma at follow-up | ||||||||||
| Attending to recovery-oriented daycare/vocational rehabilitation/COSP | 5 | 12.2 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 100 | 5 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Work without experienced discrimination | 1 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Receiving no disability benefits during PR | 1 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Longitudinal consequences of self-stigma | ||||||||||
| Psychiatric symptoms | 5 | 12.2 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 100 | 5 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Social anxiety | 1 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Depression | 6 | 14.6 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 100 | 6 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Suicide risk | 4 | 9.8 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 100 | 4 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Risk of hospitalizations | 1 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Self-esteem | 3 | 7.3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 100 |
| Treatment adherence | 3 | 7.3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 100 |
| Psychosocial function | 9 | 21.9 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 100 |
| Quality of Life | 3 | 7.3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 100 |
| Life satisfaction | 1 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 |
| Personal recovery | 2 | 4.9 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 100 |
Note: COSP, consumer-operated service program; IH, involuntary hospitalization; PR, Psychiatric rehabilitation.
Table 5 presents the longitudinal relationships between sociodemographic, illness-related, environment-related, and psychosocial variables with self-stigma (includes 41 studies).