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. 2021 Feb 8;42(11):1821–1833. doi: 10.1038/s41401-020-00601-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Chao1 and Shannon indexes indicative of community richness and diversity. n = 12 (GH); n = 14 (GI, GIBBR). b Principal coordinate analysis based on weighted UniFrac distances of the relative abundances of bacterial OTUs after berberine treatment. n = 12 (GH); n = 14 (GI, GIBBR). c Weighted UniFrac principal coordinate analysis showing dynamic shifts after berberine or vehicle treatment. i = 5–7/group. d Comparison of F/B ratios. e Bacteria composition at the phylum level. n = 12 (GH); n = 14 (GI, GIBBR). f Dynamic alterations in different phyla in fecal samples during berberine or vehicle treatment. n = 5–7/group. g Relative abundances of selected genera enriched by berberine. n = 12 (GH); n = 14 (GI, GIBBR). h Heatmap showing the relationships between different genera and morphological parameters of microglia. n = 6/group. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. 1: Dendritic area; 2: dendritic length; 3: number of branch points; 4: number of segments; 5: number of terminal points.