Table 1.

Significance of evidence for the effects of ELS on motivated behaviors in human and rodent model studies.

Behavior
Rodent	Increased Motivation for Alcohol	STRONG EVIDENCE[7 Supporting Studies: Refs. (105, 116–121)/1 Against: Ref. (122)]
	Increased Motivation for Psychostimulants	STRONG EVIDENCE[5 Supporting Studies: Refs. (100, 107, 111–113)]
	Increased Motivation for Social Rewards	MODERATE EVIDENCE[1 Supporting Study: Ref. (110)**]
	Reduced Motivation for Food Rewards	INCONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE[7 Supporting Studies: Refs. (82, 94, 96, 103, 107–109)/4 Against: Refs. (95, 104–106)]*
	Increased Motivation for Opioids	INCONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE[2 supporting studies: Refs. (106, 123)/1 Against: Ref. (124)]
Human	Lower Approach Motivation (Self-Report & Behavioral)	STRONG EVIDENCE[6 Supporting Studies: Refs. (42, 47, 49, 50, 63, 78)]
	Lower Reward Learning Over Time	STRONG EVIDENCE[7 Supporting Studies: Refs. (41, 43–45, 48, 52, 55)]
	Impulsivity and Excessive Risk-Taking	MODERATE EVIDENCE[3 Supporting Studies: Refs. (48, 51, 53)]

^* Sex differences present in results of studies;

^**To our knowledge, the only study to assess the impact of ELS on a social reward.