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. 2021 Oct 20;12:739757. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.739757

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Irradiated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a better activator of monocytes and DCs than heat inactivated SARS-CoV-2. PBMCs were stimulated o/n with irradiated (IRR) or heat-inactivated (HI) SARS-CoV-2 or Vero cell lysate (Vero). Flow cytometry was used to determine the upregulation of surface markers. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs), and monocytes (mono control) are the unstimulated population gated on pDCs, mDCs, and monocytes. IRR, HI, and Vero are stimulated conditions from the same donors. (A) Gating strategy for pDCs, mDCs, and mono (monocytes); MFI of expression of activation markers HLA-DR and CD86 on (B) gated pDCs (lineage− HLADR+CD123+); (C) gated mDCs (lineage− HLADR+CD11c+); (D) gated CD14+ monocytes using flow cytometry. (E) Graphs depict the quantitation of cytokines/chemokines in the supernatant by multiplex. Mean ± SE. N = 12 subjects. p-value was calculated using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test.