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. 2021 Oct 20;12:739757. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.739757

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Copyright © 2021 Agrawal, Salazar, Tran and Agrawal

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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DCs and monocytes from females display enhanced activation in response to SARS-CoV-2 than males. PBMCs were stimulated o/n with irradiated SARS-CoV-2 virus for 24 h. The upregulation of HLA-DR and CD86 was determined using flow cytometry. Lines connect the unstimulated and stimulated conditions from the same subject. (A) Gated pDCs (lineage⁻ HLADR⁺CD123⁺); (B) gated mDCs (lineage⁻ HLADR⁺CD11c⁺); and (C) gated CD14⁺ monocytes. Mean ± SE. Females = 15; males = 15. p-value between the unstimulated control and SARS-CoV-2-stimulated condition in males and females was calculated using paired t-test (parametric).