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. 2021 Nov 2;12:6307. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-26275-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a (Upper left) Schematic of the viral injection and fiber-optic implantation for stimulation of IRt^Phox2b, and transverse section through the hindbrain showing transduced IRt^Phox2b neurons and position of optical fiber (OF, asterisk); scale bar 100 μm. (Upper right) Example frames of the mouse face before and during stimulation including DeepLabCut tracked position of the jaw (blue) and tongue (red). (Lower) Individual traces of tracked jaw and tongue position on the Y-axis upon 50 ms stimulation (five trials). b (Upper left) Schematic of the viral injection and fiber-optic implantation for stimulation of Peri5^Atoh1 and transverse section through the hindbrain showing transduced Peri5^Atoh1 neurons and position of optical fiber (asterisk); scale bar 200 μm. (Upper right) Example frames of the mouse face before and during stimulation including DeepLabCut tracked position of jaw (blue). (Lower) Individual traces (five trials) of tracked jaw position on the Y-axis upon 50 ms stimulation. c Individual traces (five trials) of the tracked jaw (left) and tongue (right) position on the Y-axis upon stimulation of IRt^Phox2b of increasing length. A repetitive movement is triggered by stimulation beyond 300 ms (arrowhead). d Individual traces (five trials) of tracked jaw position on the Y-axis upon a 1000 ms stimulation of Peri5^Atoh1. The jaw remains open and quivers non-rhythmically during the stimulus. e (Left) Schematic of viral injection and optical fiber implantation for observation of IRt^Phox2b activity, and transverse section through the hindbrain showing transduced IRt^Phox2b neurons and position of optical fiber (asterisk); scale bar 100 μm. (Right) Example frames of the mouse face before and during a bout of licking from a lick port (arrowhead), during a photometry recording, including DeepLabCut tracked position of the jaw (blue) and tongue (red). f Example trace of change in bulk fluorescence of IRt^Phox2b during a recording session (∼2 min) of unitary licking events and licking bouts (red arrowheads), contact events with the lick port, and movements of the tongue and the jaw on the Y-axis. g (left) Superimposed correlation curves between licking activity and calcium activity (each curve corresponding to one of 15 recording sessions, each 1–5 min, in one mouse) which peaked at 1.2 s after lick port contact; (right) no peak was observed after shuffling the data.