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. 2021 Nov 2;11:21512. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-00933-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Experimental Design. (a) Time-course of the experiment. Each participant was stimulated four times (T2–T5) with the following condition: anodal (atDCS) with 2-back performance, sham tDCS with 2-back performance, atDCS without task performance, sham tDCS without task performance. After stimulation, the participants always performed the 2-back task, Flanker task and Continuous Performance Task (CPT). EEG was recorded at rest (pre and post tDCS), during stimulation and after stimulation during task performance. At an optional session (T6) MRI data for individual modelling was obtained. (b) Electrode montage for EEG and multichannel stimulation. Red circles represent anodal, blue circles reference electrodes. Grey colour indicates EEG electrodes. (c) Tasks. In the 2-back task participants had to decide whether a currently presented picture was identical to the picture shown 2 steps back. In the Flanker task participants had to indicate via button press if the middle target arrow pointed to the right or to the left. Figures were created using Inkscape (Version 0.92, https://inkscape.org).