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. 2021 Oct 20;15:739178. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.739178

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Copyright © 2021 Xiao, Padrick, Song, Fan and Schlick.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Baseline MR scan showed two plaques in the proximal (blue arrow) and middle (yellow arrow) of the right vertebral artery (VA) V4 segment. (B) The patient underwent the 1st MR follow-up scan 3 months after index stroke. MRA and MR-VWI showed a new plaque (red arrow) in the distal right VA V4 segment with severe stenosis and high enhancement ratio (ER). (C) Most of plaque features showed slightly regression at the 2nd follow-up MR scan 6 months after index stroke. (D) The 3rd follow-up MR scan 12 months after index stroke showed that the degree of stenosis, plaque-wall contrast ratio (CR) and ER of the plaque in the distal right VA V4 segment were back to baseline and slightly improved in the other two plaques. MRA, MR angiography; MR-VWI, MR vessel wall imaging; MPR, multiplanar reconstruction; Pre-, pre-contrast MR-VWI; Post-, post-contrast MR-VWI.