Table 1.
Basic characteristics.
| References | Country/region | Patients | Interventions | Perspectives | Type of Costs | Outcome measurement | Discount rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Einarson et al. (15) | Sweden | Schizophrenia patients with relapse | Paliperidone LAI, olanzapine LAI, risperidone LAI, haloperidol LAI, oral olanzapine | Health care sector perspective | Direct and indirect costs | QALYs | NA |
| Lachaine et al. (16) | Canada | Moderate to severe schizophrenia patients above 40 | Asenapine, olanzapine | Health care sector perspective, societal perspective | Direct and indirect costs | QALYs | 5% |
| Park et al. (17) | United States | Schizophrenia patients above 40 | Olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone | Health care sector perspective | Direct costs | QALYs | 3% |
| Dilla et al. (18) | Spain | Schizophrenia patients in relapse due to low compliance | Olanzapine LAI, risperidone LAI | Health care sector perspective | Direct costs | QALYs, relapse averted, life years | 3% |
| Anh et al. (19) | Vietnam | Schizophrenia patients above 15 | Chlorpromazine, haloperidol, levopromazine, risperidone, clozapine, olanzapine | Health care sector perspective | Direct costs | DALYs | 3% |
| Lubinga et al. (20) | Uganda | Schizophrenia patients with average age of 25 | Chlorpromazine, haloperidol, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine | Societal perspective | Direct and indirect costs | DALYs | 3% |
| Druais et al. (21) | France | Stable schizophrenia patients with average age of 38 | Paliperidone LAI, risperidone LAI, aripiprazole LAI, olanzapine LAI, haloperidol LAI, oral olanzapine | Payer perspective | Direct costs | QALYs, relapse averted | 4% |
| Lin et al. (22) | Singapore | Schizophrenia patients with average age of 37 | Amisulpride, aripiprazole, chlorpromazine, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sulpiride, trifluoperazine, ziprasidone | Health care sector perspective | Direct costs | QALYs | 3% |
| Rajagopalan et al. (23) | Scotland and Wales | Schizophrenia patients in relapse | Lurasidone, aripiprazole | Payer perspective | Direct costs | QALYs | 3.50% |
| Einarson et al. (24) | Finland | Schizophrenia patients in relapse | Aripiprazole LAI, paliperidone LAI, olanzapine LAI, risperidone LAI | Health care sector perspective | Direct costs | QALYs, relapse averted | NA |
| Einarson et al. (25) | Portugal | Schizophrenia patients | Paliperidone LAI, risperidone LAI, haloperidol LAI, oral olanzapine | Health care sector perspective | Direct costs | QALYs, relapse averted | NA |
| Barnes et al. (26) | United Kingdom | Patients unresponsive to clozapine | Olanzapine, amisulpride | Societal perspective | Direct costs | QALYs | Not specified |
| Einarson et al. (27) | Spain | Schizophrenia patients | PP3M, PP1M | Health care sector perspective | Direct costs | QALYs, relapse averted, hospitalization averted | NA |
| Einarson et al. (28) | Netherlands | Schizophrenia patients | PP3M, PP1M, haloperidol LAI, risperidone microspheres, oral olanzapine | Payer perspective | Direct costs | QALYs, relapse (hospitalization treated or out-patient treated) | NA |
| Wiwat et al. (29) | Thailand | Stable schizophrenia patients above 15 | Aripiprazole, risperidone | Societal perspective | Direct costs | QALYs | 3% |
| Nuhoho et al. (30) | United Arab Emirates | Stable schizophrenia patients | Paliperidone LAI, other oral antipsychotics | Payer perspective | Direct costs | QALYs, rate of hospitalization, relapse, emergency | NA |
| Aigbogun et al. (31) | United States | Stable schizophrenia patients | Brexpiprazole, cariprazine, lurasidone | Payer perspective | Direct costs | QALYs, relapse averted, hospitalization averted | NA |
| Németh et al. (32) | Hungary | Patients with negative symptoms of schizophrenia with average age of 40 | Cariprazine, risperidone | Payer perspective | Direct costs | QALYs | 4% |
| Zhao et al. (33) | China | Schizophrenia patients | Olanzapine ODT, olanzapine SOT, aripiprazole SOT | Payer perspective | Direct costs | QALYs, averaged annual relapse | NA |
| Abdall-Razak et al. (34) | United Kingdom | Not specified | Paliperidone, amisulpride | Payer perspective | Direct costs | QALYs | NA |
| Dutina et al. (35) | Serbian | Adult patients about to receive for the second-line treatment | Aripiprazole, olanzapine | Payer perspective | Direct costs | QALYs | 3% |
| Arteaga et al. (36) | France | Adult chronic schizophrenic patients stabilized on PP1M with baseline age of 38.75 | PP3M, PP1M | Payer perspective | Direct costs | QALYs | 4% |
| Yi et al. (37) | China | Schizophrenia patients with starting age of 35 | Amisulpride, olanzapine | Payer perspective | Direct costs | QALYs | 3% |
| Lin et al. (38) | China | Not specify | Aripiprazole ODT, aripiprazole SOT, olanzapine SOT | Payer perspective | Direct costs | QALY | NA |
| Jin et al. (39) | United Kingdom | Individuals referred to secondary care mental health services with mean age of 23.5 | Amisulpride, aripiprazole, haloperidol, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, placebo, clozapine | Payer perspective | Direct costs | QALYs | 3.5% |
LAI, long-acting-injection; ODT, orally disintegrating antipsychotic tablets; SOT, standard oral tablets; PP3M, paliperidone administered every 3 months; PP1M, paliperidone administered every month; QALY, quality-adjusted life year; DALY, disability-adjusted life year; NA, not applicable.