Table 3.
Basic characteristics of the models in the included economic evaluations.
| References | Types of model | Model states | Time horizon | Cycle length |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Einarson et al. (15) | Decision tree, cohort | Incorporating clinical events including discontinuation, exacerbation, compliance, hospitalization | 1 year | NA |
| Lachaine et al. (16) | Decision tree combined with 9-state Markov model, cohort | Diabetes, stroke, CHDs, hypertension, no comorbidity, 2/3/4 comorbidities, death | 5–10 years | 1 year |
| Park et al. (17) | 9-state Markov model, cohort | First line treatment with/without irreversible SE, 2nd line treatment with/without irreversible SE, clozapine treatment with/without irreversible SE, uncontrolled state with/without SE, death | 10 years | 18 weeks |
| Dilla et al. (18) | Discrete event simulation, microsimulation | Treatment, treatment emergent adverse events, relapse, doctor-initiated treatment re-evaluation, patient-initiated treatment discontinuation | 5 years | NA |
| Anh et al. (19) | 3-state Markov model, cohort | Schizophrenia patients, recovery patients, schizophrenia-specific and other causes of deaths | Lifetime | 1 year |
| Lubinga et al. (20) | 10-state Markov model, cohort | Residual on/off 1st line AP, acute on/off 1st line AP, residual on/off 2nd line AP, acute on/off 2nd line AP, residual on 3rd line | Lifetime | 1 year |
| Druais et al. (21) | 4-state Markov model, cohort | Stable treated, stable non-treated, relapse, death | 5 years | 3 months |
| Lin et al. (22) | 4-state Markov model, cohort | Stable treated, stable non-treated, relapse, death | Lifetime | 1 year |
| Rajagopalan et al. (23) | 5-state Markov model, cohort | Non-stable/relapse trial of antipsychotic agents, stable/adherent, stable/non-adherent, relapse, death | 10 years | 6 weeks |
| Einarson et al. (24) | decision tree, cohort | Incorporating clinical events including discontinuation, exacerbation, compliance, hospitalization | 1 year | NA |
| Einarson et al. (25) | decision tree, cohort | Incorporating clinical events including discontinuation, exacerbation, compliance, hospitalization | 1 year | NA |
| Barnes et al. (26) | 3-state Markov model, cohort | Symptom response, SEs, death | 1–10 years | 3 months |
| Einarson et al. (27) | decision tree, cohort | Incorporating clinical events including discontinuation, exacerbation, compliance, hospitalization | 1 year | NA |
| Einarson et al. (28) | decision tree, cohort | Incorporating clinical events including stable, intolerant, relapse treated as out-patient, relapse requiring hospitalization and dropout | 1 year | NA |
| Wiwat et al. (29) | 4-state Markov model, cohort model | Remission with 1st antipsychotics, relapse, remission with clozapine, death | Lifetime | 4 weeks |
| Nuhoho et al. (30) | Decision tree, cohort | Incorporating clinical events including adherence, exacerbation, hospitalization | 1 year | 3 months |
| Aigbogun et al. (31) | Decision-analytic model, cohort | Incorporating clinical events including treatment discontinuation, relapse/impending relapse, AEs | 1 year | NA |
| Németh et al. (32) | 8-state Markov model, cohort | Constructed according to both severity of symptoms and disease types | 1–10 years | 1/12 weeks |
| Zhao et al. (33) | Decision-analytic model, microsimulation | Incorporating adherence levels, relapse with/without hospitalization, treatment discontinuation, AEs suicide risk | 1 year | 3 months |
| Abdall-Razak et al. (34) | Decision tree, cohort | Incorporating relapse, remission, AEs, diabetes complications | 1 year | NA |
| Dutina et al. (35) | 5-state Markov model, cohort | Remission without AEs, remission with AEs, relapse, second response, death | 10 years | 3 months |
| Arteaga et al. (36) | 5-state Markov model, cohort | 1st-line treatment, no active treatment, 2nd-line treatment, relapse, death | 5 years | 1 month |
| Yi et al. (37) | 5-state Markov model, cohort | Acute phase, remission, relapse, death | Lifetime | 1 year |
| Lin et al. (38) | Discrete event simulation, microsimulation | Incorporating adherence levels, relapse with/without hospitalization, stable and adverse events | 1 year | NA |
| Jin et al. (39) | Discrete event simulation, microsimulation | Incorporating 4 module for different pathway with relevant interventions | Lifetime | NA |
CHDs, coronary heart diseases; AP, antipsychotics; SEs, side effects; AEs, adverse events; NA, not applicable.