Figure 3.

(A) Representative computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) cross-sectional slice, (B) curved multiplanar reconstructed images of a left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, (C) straightened LAD with segmented lumen lines (yellow color) in transversal and (D) cross-sectional views, (E) reconstructed 3D left coronary tree, and (F) enlarged view to illustrate how to measure A_p, A_s , A_d, L_ps, L_sd, and L from the model. (G) Left ventricular (LV) endocardial and epicardial contours were delineated from CTCA images to calculate the LV mass. (Note: A_p, A_s, and A_d represented the lumen area at proximal, maximally stenosed, and distal segments, respectively; L_ps, L_sd, and L were the length measured from the proximal end of the coronary lesion to the proximal end of the maximally stenosed segment, the distal end of the maximally stenosed segment to the distal end of the coronary lesion, and the proximal to the distal ends of the whole coronary lesion, respectively. Flow entrance and exit angles (α and β) were then calculated using Eqs. (A-1) and (A-6) in the Supplementary Material, respectively.