Table 2.
Univariate analyses of risk factors for depression, anxiety and insomnia
| Variables | Depression (BDI) | Anxiety (BAI) | Insomnia (ISI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate analysis | Univariate analysis | Univariate analysis | ||||
| β (95% CI) | P-value | β (95% CI) | P-value | β (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Age | −0.07 (−0.10 to −0.04) | <0.001 | −0.04 (−0.08 to 0.00) | 0.047 | −0.02 (−0.04 to 0.00) | 0.090 |
| Male gender | −1.97 (−2.73 to −1.22) | <0.001 | −4.02 (−4.92 to −3.11) | <0.001 | −1.02 (−1.61 to −0.43) | 0.001 |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Unemployed | 3.44 (1.72−5.17) | <0.001 | 3.03 (0.91−5.15) | 0.005 | 2.51 (1.16−3.86) | <0.001 |
| Student | 2.11 (1.29−2.93) | <0.001 | 1.24 (0.24−2.25) | 0.015 | 0.78 (0.14−1.42) | 0.017 |
| Healthcare professional | −0.24 (−1.07 to 0.59) | 0.577 | −0.73 (−1.76 to 0.29) | 0.160 | −0.43 (−1.08 to 0.22) | 0.199 |
| Retired | 0.51 (−2.18 to 3.20) | 0.710 | 0.49 (−2.82 to 3.80) | 0.771 | 0.40 (−1.71 to 2.51) | 0.712 |
| Other | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Work arrangement | ||||||
| Workplace | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Remote working | 0.12 (−0.80 to 1.04) | 0.800 | −0.22 (−1.34 to 0.90) | 0.702 | 0.28 (−0.44 to 1.00) | 0.443 |
| Not working | 1.45 (0.43−2.47) | 0.005 | 1.13 (−0.12 to 2.38) | 0.075 | 1.06 (0.26−1.85) | 0.009 |
| Days in isolation | 0.09 (0.05−0.13) | <0.001 | 0.01 (−0.04 to 0.06) | 0.699 | 0.05 (0.02−0.08) | 0.001 |
| Number of other people in household | ||||||
| 0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| 1 | −0.62 (−1.66 to 0.42) | 0.244 | 0.16 (−1.12 to 1.43) | 0.808 | −0.47 (−1.28 to 0.34) | 0.256 |
| 2–4 | 0.09 (−0.87 to 1.05) | 0.860 | 0.44 (−0.73 to 1.62) | 0.460 | 0.49 (−0.25 to 1.24) | 0.195 |
| ≥5 | −0.17 (−1.74 to 1.41) | 0.834 | 0.41 (−1.51 to 2.33) | 0.677 | 0.11 (−1.12 to 1.33) | 0.862 |
| Contact with COVID-19 | ||||||
| None | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Indirect | 0.31 (−0.62 to 1.25) | 0.509 | 0.55 (−0.58 to 1.69) | 0.338 | 0.09 (−0.64 to 0.81) | 0.814 |
| Direct | −0.52 (−2.42 to 1.37) | 0.587 | −1.20 (−3.51 to 1.10) | 0.306 | −0.66 (−2.14 to 0.82) | 0.381 |
| Probably infected | 3.03 (0.68−5.38) | 0.011 | 4.95 (2.08−7.81) | 0.001 | 1.60 (−0.23 to 3.43) | 0.087 |
| Infected | −2.20 (−7.18 to 2.77) | 0.386 | −3.37 (−9.44 to 2.69) | 0.276 | −2.68 (−6.57 to 1.20) | 0.175 |
| Recovered | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Under psychiatric care | 6.03 (4.93−7.13) | <0.001 | 8.24 (6.92−9.57) | <0.001 | 4.24 (3.38−5.10) | <0.001 |
| Receiving psychiatric medication | 4.73 (3.83−5.64) | <0.001 | 7.03 (5.95−9.12) | <0.001 | 3.56 (2.85−4.26) | <0.001 |
BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; ISI, Insomnia Severity Index.