TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics and potential biomarkers of T2DM patients in the training cohort and the validation cohort.
| Training cohort | p-value | Validation cohort | p-value | |||
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| T2DM-nMCI (n = 274) | T2DM-MCI (n = 89) | T2DM-nMCI (n = 225) | T2DM-MCI (n = 264) | |||
| Age (years) | 62.06 (7.38) | 66.47 (9.36) | <0.001 | 65.84 (6.32) | 68.15 (8.05) | <0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 109 (39.78%) | 24 (26.97%) | 0.029 | 96 (42.67%) | 102 (38.64%) | 0.366 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 150 (54.74%) | 40 (44.94%) | 0.108 | 136 (60.44%) | 169 (64.02%) | 0.417 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 22 (8.03%) | 6 (6.74%) | 0.692 | 74 (32.89%) | 89 (33.71%) | 0.847 |
| CHD, n (%) | 31 (11.31%) | 10 (11.24%) | 0.984 | 28 (12.44%) | 32 (12.12%) | 0.914 |
| Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 28 (12.44%) | 32 (12.12%) | 0.579 | 75 (33.33%) | 83 (31.44%) | 0.655 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 7.00 (3.00–11.00) | 8.00 (4.00–10.00) | 0.224 | 7.00 (2.00–13.00) | 7.00 (2.00–12.00) | 0.931 |
| Insulin treatment, n (%) | 126 (45.99%) | 35 (39.33%) | 0.27 | 107 (47.56%) | 101 (38.26%) | 0.04 |
| Diabetic complications, n (%) | 165 (60.22%) | 52 (58.43%) | 0.77 | 121 (53.78%) | 141 (53.41%) | 0.94 |
| HbA1c | 8.12 (1.97) | 8.02 (1.92) | 0.765 | 7.35 (2.77) | 7.75 (2.85) | 0.13 |
| APOE ε2 (+), n (%) | 47 (17.15%) | 14 (15.73%) | 0.76 | 37 (16.44%) | 49 (18.56%) | 0.54 |
| APOE ε3 (+), n (%) | 263 (95.99%) | 80 (89.89%) | 0.06 | 221 (98.22%) | 253 (95.83%) | 0.19 |
| APOE ε4 (+), n (%) | 29 (10.58%) | 18 (20.22%) | 0.019 | 29 (12.89%) | 62 (23.48%) | 0.003 |
| Olfactory score | 6.51 (1.39) | 7.94 (1.90) | <0.001 | 7.07 (1.48) | 7.95 (1.48) | <0.001 |
| GSK-3β (total) | 0.82 (0.38–1.56) | 0.84 (0.31–1.76) | 0.862 | 1.12 (0.75–1.56) | 1.89 (1.40–2.60) | <0.001 |
| GSK-3β (S9) | 1.57 (0.73–2.47) | 0.68 (0.18–1.78) | <0.001 | 1.91 (1.16–2.77) | 1.46 (0.96–2.22) | <0.001 |
| rGSK-3β (Total/S9) | 0.70 (0.37–0.95) | 1.43 (0.79–2.34) | <0.001 | 0.56 (0.43–0.86) | 1.21 (0.93–1.67) | <0.001 |
| Aβ1-40 | 155.11 (108.88–204.01) | 134.49 (102.07–178.04) | 0.025 | 205.97 (151.35–270.97) | 179.74 (92.42–269.55) | 0.007 |
| Aβ1-42 | 56.47 (39.03–100.04) | 77.75 (48.06–112.62) | 0.003 | 64.68 (47.44–79.75) | 69.35 (54.23–93.44) | <0.001 |
| Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 | 0.43 (0.24–0.75) | 0.63 (0.39–0.93) | <0.001 | 0.32 (0.20–0.50) | 0.41 (0.27–0.89) | <0.001 |
| MMSE | 29.09 (0.84) | 25.35 (1.88) | <0.001 | 28.64 (0.71) | 24.55 (2.86) | <0.001 |
Data were presented as mean (SD), n (%), or median (interquartile range).
T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; T2DM-nMCI, T2DM without MCI group; T2DM-MCI, T2DM with MCI group; CHD, coronary heart disease; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; ApoE, apolipoprotein E; GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase-3β; rGSK-3β, ratio of GSK-3β-Total/GSK-3β-S9; MMSE, the minimum mental state examination.