Figure 2.

Regional variation in embodied energy and carbon savings

(A–C) Savings have been calculated using 2019 data for (A) China; (B) European Union (EU-28); (C). Global (extrapolated to China and EU-28 use scenarios as boundary conditions). Savings in embodied energy (blue markers) and embodied carbon (orange markers) are computed using vanadium in rebar market data and taking vanadium and steel amounts for each steel grade from available regional rebar compositions. For the global scenario analysis, embodied energy and carbon savings are computed using vanadium in rebar market data and vanadium amounts weighted by the proportion of total steel for each grade using China and EU-28 data. The savings in embodied energy and embodied carbon of respective grades are computed with respect to mild steel (250 MPa) as a reference. The % savings in carbon (green bars) are computed with respect to the respective total annual fossil carbon emissions.