Figure 3.

VRFB savings by the base case scenario

(A) Savings by the VRFB over a 20-year lifetime are shown in (A) for the curtailment (orange) and comparative assessment (green). The tabulated insets below the column chart are matched to the above columns and indicate (from top to bottom) the normalized savings in kg CO₂eq/MWh, the colocalized electricity source (wind, solar, or a wind/solar mix (W/S), differentiated by shades of blue), and the rated power and storage capacity of the considered system.

(B) The fractional share of each life cycle phase to the total VRFB carbon footprint is shown in (B).