Figure 4.

Savings by the current operational VRFB capacity

(A) Shows the 20-year savings by all currently operational VRFBs for the curtailment (orange) and comparative assessment (green). Regional savings for China (yellow), EU-28 (black), and R.O.W. (dark green) are stacked to show the total global savings. The tabulated insets below the column chart are matched to the above columns. The normalized savings in kg CO₂eq/MWh are shown for global data. The colocalized electricity source (wind, solar, or a wind/solar mix (W/S)), and the rated power and storage capacity of the considered region (color matched according to its corresponding column color) are also shown.

(B) The fractional share of each life cycle phase to the total VRFB carbon footprint is illustrated in (B).