Figure 1.

ESPs supplementation prevented cognitive impairment in HF diet-induced obese mice. The nest building test was used to assess the activities of daily living of mice (A–C). (A) The nest score and (B) untore nestlet weight (amount of untore nesting material). (C) Representative nest results of the low-fat (LF), ESPs supplementation in LF (LFE), high fat (HF), and ESP supplementation in HF (HFE) groups. The object location test was performed to evaluate the spatial memory of mice (D–F). (D) Percentage of time spent with the object in the novel place to the total object exploration time. (E) The total object exploration time. (F) Representative track plots of the LF, LFE, HF, and HFE groups recorded by the SMART video tracking system in the testing phase. Note that the LF mice spent more time exploring the object in the novel place than the HF mice, which did not show any preference to the object in the novel place. The novel object recognition test was performed to evaluate the object recognition memory of mice (G–I). (G) Percentage of time spent with the novel object to the total object exploration time. (H) The total object exploration time. (I) Representative track plots of the LF, LFE, HF, and HFE groups. The temporal order memory test was performed to evaluate the recognition memory of mice (J, K). (J) Percentage of time spent with the old familiar object to the total object exploration time. (K) The total object exploration time. The Y-maze memory test was performed to evaluate the spatial memory of mice (L). (L) Percentage of time spent with the novel arm to the total exploration time. Values are represented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). n = 12. ^* P < 0.05, ^** P < 0.01, ^*** P < 0.001. Tukey-Kramer test.