TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the study participants according to frailty status.
| Variables | Total (n = 726) | Frail (n = 49) | Prefrail (n = 310) | Robust (n = 367) | P |
| Age, mean (SD) | 65.5 (6.5) | 68.3 (6.2) | 66.5 (6.9) | 64.3 (5.9) | < 0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 434 (59.8%) | 29 (59.2%) | 199 (64.2%) | 206 (56.1%) | 0.103 |
| Education level | 10.5 (3.8) | 9.0 (4.3) | 10.1 (3.9) | 11.0 (3.5) | < 0.001 |
| Vascular risk factors | |||||
| BMI, mean (SD) | 23.8 (3.1) | 24.2 (3.2) | 23.9 (3.1) | 23.7 (3.0) | 0.458 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 81 (11.2%) | 5 (10.2%) | 30 (9.7%) | 46 (12.5%) | 0.489 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 136 (18.7%) | 20 (40.8%) | 61 (19.7%) | 55 (15.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 344 (47.4%) | 27 (55.1%) | 159 (51.3%) | 158 (43.1%) | 0.054 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 185 (25.5%) | 15 (30.6%) | 83 (26.8%) | 87 (23.7%) | 0.458 |
| HAMD*, mean (SD) | 2.1 (1.7) | 3.0 (1.9) | 2.3 (1.8) | 1.8 (1.4) | < 0.001 |
| PSQI score, mean (SD) | 6.9 (4.0) | 11.6 (4.3) | 8.2 (4.0) | 5.2 (3.0) | < 0.001 |
| Neuroimaging Characteristics | |||||
| CSVD burden, mean (SD) | < 0.001 | ||||
| 0–1, n (%) | 580 (79.9%) | 21 (42.9%) | 217 (70.0%) | 342 (93.2%) | |
| 2, n (%) | 80 (11.0%) | 11 (22.4%) | 50 (16.1%) | 19 (5.2%) | |
| 3–4, n (%) | 66 (9.1%) | 17 (34.7%) | 43 (13.9%) | 6 (1.6%) | |
| Moderate-to-severe WMH, n (%) | 192 (26.4%) | 26 (53.1%) | 117 (37.7%) | 49 (13.4%) | < 0.001 |
| Presence of lacunes, n (%) | 113 (15.6%) | 24 (49.0%) | 67 (21.6%) | 22 (6.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Presence of CMBs, n (%) | 118 (16.3%) | 20 (40.8%) | 61 (19.7%) | 37 (10.1%) | < 0.001 |
| >10 EPVS-BG, n (%) | 150 (20.7%) | 22 (44.9%) | 88 (28.4%) | 40 (10.9%) | < 0.001 |
SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; HAMD, Hamilton Depression Scale; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; CSVD, cerebral small vessel disease; WMH, white matter hyperintensities; CMBs, cerebral microbleeds; EPVS, enlarged perivascular spaces; BG, basal ganglia.
*Excluding sleep item.