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. 2021 Oct 20;13:751369. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.751369

TABLE 1.

Characteristics of the study participants according to frailty status.

Variables Total (n = 726) Frail (n = 49) Prefrail (n = 310) Robust (n = 367) P
Age, mean (SD) 65.5 (6.5) 68.3 (6.2) 66.5 (6.9) 64.3 (5.9) < 0.001
Female, n (%) 434 (59.8%) 29 (59.2%) 199 (64.2%) 206 (56.1%) 0.103
Education level 10.5 (3.8) 9.0 (4.3) 10.1 (3.9) 11.0 (3.5) < 0.001
Vascular risk factors
 BMI, mean (SD) 23.8 (3.1) 24.2 (3.2) 23.9 (3.1) 23.7 (3.0) 0.458
 Current smoker, n (%) 81 (11.2%) 5 (10.2%) 30 (9.7%) 46 (12.5%) 0.489
 Diabetes, n (%) 136 (18.7%) 20 (40.8%) 61 (19.7%) 55 (15.0%) < 0.001
 Hypertension, n (%) 344 (47.4%) 27 (55.1%) 159 (51.3%) 158 (43.1%) 0.054
 Hyperlipidemia, n (%) 185 (25.5%) 15 (30.6%) 83 (26.8%) 87 (23.7%) 0.458
 HAMD*, mean (SD) 2.1 (1.7) 3.0 (1.9) 2.3 (1.8) 1.8 (1.4) < 0.001
 PSQI score, mean (SD) 6.9 (4.0) 11.6 (4.3) 8.2 (4.0) 5.2 (3.0) < 0.001
Neuroimaging Characteristics
CSVD burden, mean (SD) < 0.001
 0–1, n (%) 580 (79.9%) 21 (42.9%) 217 (70.0%) 342 (93.2%)
 2, n (%) 80 (11.0%) 11 (22.4%) 50 (16.1%) 19 (5.2%)
 3–4, n (%) 66 (9.1%) 17 (34.7%) 43 (13.9%) 6 (1.6%)
Moderate-to-severe WMH, n (%) 192 (26.4%) 26 (53.1%) 117 (37.7%) 49 (13.4%) < 0.001
 Presence of lacunes, n (%) 113 (15.6%) 24 (49.0%) 67 (21.6%) 22 (6.0%) < 0.001
 Presence of CMBs, n (%) 118 (16.3%) 20 (40.8%) 61 (19.7%) 37 (10.1%) < 0.001
 >10 EPVS-BG, n (%) 150 (20.7%) 22 (44.9%) 88 (28.4%) 40 (10.9%) < 0.001

SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; HAMD, Hamilton Depression Scale; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; CSVD, cerebral small vessel disease; WMH, white matter hyperintensities; CMBs, cerebral microbleeds; EPVS, enlarged perivascular spaces; BG, basal ganglia.

*Excluding sleep item.