Table 1.
Subject demographics, cognition and MRI measures.
| Healthy controls (N = 82) | Early RRMS (N = 149) | Late RRMS (N = 81) | SPMS (N = 48) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Age (years) | 45.93 | 10.79 | 41.39 | 9.29 b | 51.97 | 8.54 b | 55.05 | 8.38b,* |
| Sex (% women) | 63 | 73 | 79 | 69 | ||||
| Education a | 6.00 | 1.0–7.0 | 5.00 | 1.0–7.0 | 5.00 | 1.0–7.0 | 4.00 | 1.0–7.0 |
| Disease duration (years) | 7.93 | 2.60 | 21.78 | 4.65 | 21.26 | 9.46 * | ||
| EDSS a | 2.50 | 0–6 | 3.00 | 1–7.5 | 6.00 | 2.5–8.0b,* | ||
| Cognition (Z-scores) | ||||||||
| Executive functioning | −0.05 | 0.73 | −0.67 | 1.19 b | −1.05 | 2.16 b | −1.42 | 1.69b,* |
| Verbal memory | 0.00 | 0.87 | −0.34 | 1.02 | −0.41 | 1.20 | −0.85 | 1.28 b |
| IPS | −0.06 | 0.92 | −0.79 | 1.25 b | −1.23 | 1.34 b | −1.73 | 1.37b,* |
| Verbal fluency | −0.04 | 1.00 | −0.31 | 1.07 | −0.57 | 0.96 | −0.71 | 1.10 |
| Visuospatial memory | 0.00 | 0.91 | −0.35 | 1.15 | −0.74 | 1.18 b | −0.95 | 1.06 b |
| Working memory | 0.00 | 0.85 | −0.68 | 1.09 b | −1.06 | 1.76 b | −1.73 | 1.35b,* |
| Attention | −0.07 | 0.66 | −0.51 | 0.87 b | −0.78 | 1.25 b | −0.67 | 1.11 b |
| Average cognition | −0.03 | 0.48 | −0.53 | 0.73 b | −0.85 | 1.09 b | −1.19 | 0.94b,* |
| Structural damage | ||||||||
| WB-LV (mL) a | 7.05 | 0.59–40.77 | 14.75 | 0.93–60.08 | 18.79 | 2.06–84.85 * | ||
| C-LV (mL) a | 0 | 0–0.34 | 0 | 0–0.23 | 0 | 0–0.11 | ||
| NBV (L) | 1.51 | 0.07 | 1.48 | 0.06 b | 1.43 | 0.08 b | 1.41 | 0.08b,* |
| Cerebellar NGMV (L) | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.01 b | 0.09 | 0.01b,* |
| Cerebellar FA | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.02 b | 0.17 | 0.02 b | 0.17 | 0.02b,* |
MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; SD: standard deviation; GLM: general linear model (main effect); education: highest level of education attained (on a scale of 1–7); EDSS: Expanded Disability Status Scale; IPS: information processing speed; WB-LV: T2-lesion volume of the whole brain; C-LV: T2-lesion volume in the cerebellum; NBV: normalized brain volume; NGMV: normalized grey matter volume; FA: grey matter fractional anisotropy; cerebellar connectivity: averaged static connectivity of the cerebellum with the rest of the brain.
The values are represented in median and range.
Indicates values significantly different from healthy control values.
Indicates a significant difference between secondary progressive and early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (both at p < 0.05, corrected).