Table 4.

Relative racial vulnerability variables’ relationship to COVID-19

Variable	Hypothesized relation	Justification	References
Percent White Population (RV1)	Negative ( −)	High white population makes a place less vulnerable to COVID-19; white people have second-lowest number of infections of and deaths per capita across the U.S	Simons et al. (2018), Stokes et al. (2020), Killerby et al. (2020), Gold et al. (2020), Price-Haywood et al. (2020), Millett et al. (2020), Garcia et al. (2020)
Percent Black Population (RV2)	Positive ( +)	High black population makes a place more vulnerable	Simons et al. (2018), Garcia et al. (2020), Millett et al. (2020), Price-Haywood et al. (2020), Stokes et al. (2020)
Percent Asian Population (RV3)	Negative ( −)	Asians have the lowest per capita infections and deaths across the US	Gold et al. (2020), Killerby et al. (2020), Stokes et al. (2020)
Percent Hispanic Population (RV4)	Positive ( +)	High Hispanic population makes a place more vulnerable	Garcia et al. (2020), Stokes et al. (2020), Killerby et al. (2020)
Percent Native Population (RV5)	Positive ( +)	Native population has the highest per capita infections and deaths across the US	Simons et al. (2018), Stokes et al. (2020), Millett et al. (2020)