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. 2021 Oct 20;12:692431. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.692431

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Copyright © 2021 He, Qu, Kwan Law, Qiu, Han, Ricardo de Seabra Rodrigues Dias, Liu, Zhang, Wu, Wu, Fai Mok, Cheng, He and Wai Wong.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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WM inhibits the calcification of HASMCs by inhibiting autophagy. (A) Deposition of calcium was quantified by von Kossa staining in 14 days-AGEs and WM-treated HASMCs. The black spots in the image represent calcified areas; scale bar = 100 µm (×10). Each point represents the mean ± SD (n = 3/group). (B) Intracellular Ca²⁺ was quantified with FLIPR Calcium 6 dye (green) in AGEs and WM-treated HASMCs; scale bar = 100 µm (×10). (C) Western blot analysis of calcification-related proteins (β-catenin, RAGE, OPN, BMP2, and Runx2) in HASMCs.