FIGURE 1.

Dysphagia and stroke associations by TOAST classification. (A) Composition ratios of TOAST classification (blue: large-artery atherosclerosis, orange: cardioembolism, green: small-vessel occlusion, violet: stroke of other determined etiology and red: stroke of undetermined etiology) in patients with dysphagia and controls, which indicates a significantly strong association between dysphagia and stroke by TOAST classifications (Chi-squared test, χ² = 39.51, p = 5.46 × 10^–8). (B) Incidence rate of dysphagia in different TOAST classifications (patients with dysphagia in green and controls in blue). The incidence rate of total population is 41.1%. Large-artery atherosclerosis and cardioembolism hold odd ratios significantly larger than 1 with dysphagia (OR = 2.81, p = 5.68 × 10^–5 and OR = 2.54, p = 2.57 × 10^–3), while small-vessel occlusion holds an odd ratio significantly lower than 1 (OR = 0.23, p = 1.29 × 10^–7).