TABLE 1.
Demographic and clinical data of patients with dysphagia and controls.
| Demographic and clinical data | Dysphagia (n = 113) | Controls (n = 162) | t/Z/χ 2 | p |
| Age (years) | 67.92 ± 12.22, 31.00–93.00 | 63.38 ± 13.19, 22.00–85.00 | t = 2.89 | 2.10 × 10–3* |
| Gender male/female | 75/38 | 107/55 | χ2 = 0.00 | 0.96 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 145.37 ± 21.33, 103.00–201.00 | 142.77 ± 21.01, 104.00–207.00 | t = 1.00 | 0.32 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 81.30 ± 13.12, 40.00–118.00 | 80.62 ± 12.89, 7.00–117.00 | t = 0.43 | 0.67 |
| History of hypertension yes/no | 90/23 | 111/51 | χ2 = 4.19 | 0.04 |
| History of diabetes yes/no | 26/87 | 31/131 | χ2 = 0.61 | 0.44 |
| Smoking yes/quit/no | 30/4/79 | 39/4/119 | Z = 0.32 | 0.75 |
| History of AF† yes/no | 26/87 | 14/148 | χ2 = 11.05 | 8.85 × 10–4* |
| Other heart diseases yes/no | 6/107 | 5/157 | Z = 0.90 | 0.37 |
| Previous stroke yes/no | 23/90 | 21/141 | χ2 = 2.71 | 0.10 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.27 ± 0.53, 0.51–3.83 | 1.47 ± 0.95, 0.38–9.11 | t = −1.97 | 0.05 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.26 ± 0.99, 2.21–6.93 | 4.19 ± 1.09, 0.65–8.21 | t = 0.55 | 0.58 |
| LDLC (mmol/L) | 2.43 ± 0.81, 0.69–4.88 | 2.38 ± 0.83, 0.65–5.15 | t = 0.56 | 0.57 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 70.19 ± 20.08, 38.50–191.70 | 69.37 ± 17.12, 32.50–121.00 | t = 0.36 | 0.72 |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | 285.82 ± 95.45, 9.30–553.50 | 297.65 ± 88.86, 92.50–574.20 | t = −1.05 | 0.29 |
| Fasting blood glucose (μmol/L) | 6.59 ± 2.84, 3.43–19.03 | 5.54 ± 1.74, 3.34–12.67 | t = 3.78 | 1.00 × 10–4* |
| Homocysteine‡ (μmol/L) | 12.90 ± 10.74, 2.40–97.00 | 11.43 ± 7.82, 3.10–56.20 | t = 1.17 | 0.12 |
| Hemoglobin A1c‡ (%) | 6.93 ± 1.88, 3.70–12.30 | 6.70 ± 1.88, 4.90–14.80 | t = 0.80 | 0.21 |
| ECG† (AF) yes/no | 30/83 | 19/143 | χ2 = 9.98 | 1.58 × 10–3* |
| NIH stroke scale | 10.50 ± 6.95, 0.00–36.00 | 3.38 ± 3.30, 0.00–19.00 | t = 11.34 | 5.50 × 10–25** |
| NIH stroke scale (After discharge) | 8.58 ± 5.98, 0.00–35.00 | 2.22 ± 2.55, 0.00–16.00 | t = 12.06 | 1.93 × 10–27** |
| TOAST classification† | 56/31/20/2/4 | 42/21/79/10/10 | χ2 = 39.51 | 5.46 × 10–8** |
| Progressive stroke yes/no | 27/86 | 5/157 | χ2 = 28.03 | 1.20 × 10–7** |
| Lesioned hemi left/right/both | 43/52/18 | 84/55/23 | χ2 = 5.37 | 0.07 |
| Brain stem lesioned yes/no | 25/88 | 25/137 | χ2 = 2.00 | 0.16 |
| MCA† Affected yes/no | 41/72 | 29/133 | χ2 = 11.85 | 5.75 × 10–4* |
| PCA† Affected yes/no | 5/108 | 16/146 | χ2 = 2.81 | 0.09 |
| ICA† Affected yes/no | 21/92 | 16/146 | χ2 = 4.33 | 0.04 |
| ACA† Affected yes/no | 4/109 | 2/160 | Z = 7.05 | 1.76 × 10–12** |
| BA† Affected yes/no | 6/107 | 4/158 | Z = 0.00 | 1.00 |
| VA† Affected yes/no | 5/108 | 3/159 | Z = 0.00 | 1.00 |
| Thrombolytic yes/no | 19/94 | 23/139 | χ2 = 0.35 | 0.55 |
| Epilepsy yes/no | 3/110 | 4/158 | Z = 0.00 | 1.00 |
| Lesion size of temporal lobe (left) (mm∧3) | 815.40 ± 1305.77 | 548.93 ± 723.34 | t = 2.02 | 0.02 |
| Lesion size of hippocampus (left) (mm∧3) | 318.61 ± 331.74 | 236.38 ± 273.14 | t = 2.06 | 0.02 |
| Lesion size of basal nucleus (left) (mm∧3) | 717.36 ± 701.56 | 528.68 ± 495.54 | t = 2.42 | 8.20 × 10–3 |
| Lesion size of internal capsule (left) (mm∧3) | 303.10 ± 584.71 | 118.25 ± 308.46 | t = 3.18 | 8.00 × 10–4* |
*Continuous data are shown as mean ± SD, minimum and maximum values in patients with dysphagia and controls with statistical significance based on two sample t-test. Categorical data differences in patients and controls are represented with statistical significance based on chi-squared test (χ2 and p) or Fisher exact test (Z and p). *p < 0.005, **p < 1.00 × 10–6.
†AF, refers to atrial fibrillation; LDLC, refers to low density lipoprotein cholesterol; ECG, refers to Electrocardiogram; MCA, refers to middle cerebral artery; PCA, refers to posterior cerebral artery; ICA, refers to internal carotid artery; ACA, refers to anterior cerebral artery; BA, refers to basilar artery and VA, refers to vertebral artery. TOAST refers to five classifications: (1) large-artery atherosclerosis, (2) cardioembolism, (3) small-vessel occlusion, (4) stroke of other determined etiology, and (5) stroke of undetermined etiology.
‡87 patients with dysphagia and 131 controls took part in Homocysteine tests, while 66 patients with dysphagia and 100 controls attended Hemoglobin A1c tests.