TABLE 1.
Comparisons of most epigenetics studies on rodent models and human MDD.
| Model | Depression Expression and which test used | Social deficits Expressed | Sex Differences Found | If epigenetic influence found- single nuclei or homogenous analysis and which region(s) | References |
| (A) Chronic Social Defeat | 1- Sociability 2- Sociability, SP, TS, EPM, AD 4- Sociability, EPM, FST 5- Sociability, OFT, EPM, FST, TS 6- Sociability 7- AD, FST 8- Sociability 9- Sociability, AD 10- Sociability, weight, food intake | 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, | 2, 3, 6 | 1- homogenous (hippocampus and PFC) 3- single nuclei (ventromedial hypothalamus) 4-homogenous (PFC) 5-homogeous (NAc) 7- homogenous (NAc) 8- homogenous (genes) 9- homogenous (hippocampus) 10- homogenous (blood, hippocampus) | (1) Mallei et al., 2019 (2) Iniguez et al., 2018 (3) Kim et al., 2019 (4) Reshetnikov et al., 2021 (5) Qian et al., 2020 (6) Lin et al., 2021 (7) LaPlant et al., 2010 (8) Elliott et al., 2010 (9) Tsankova et al., 2006 (10) Razzoli et al., 2011 |
| (B) Chronic Variable/Mild/Unpredictable Stress | 1- OFT, EPM, IA 2- ST, NSF, SP, FST, EPM, Locomotion, CORT 3- FSR 4- CORT, weight 5- FST, OFT, AD 6- AD 7- CORT, OFT, SP 8- SP, EPM, FST, OFT 9- OFT, FST 10- OFT, SP, CORT, AD 11- AD, SP | 1, 4, | 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 | 1-homogenous (hippocampus) 2- single-nuclei (NAc) 3- homogenous (NAc) 4- homogenous (hippocampus, PFC, paraventricular nucleus (PVN) 10- homogenous (hippocampus) 11- homogenous (orbitofrontal coretx, hippocampus) | (1) Viana Borges et al., 2019 (2) Hodes et al., 2015 (3) LaPlant et al., 2009 (4) Witzmann et al., 2012 (5) Rincon-Cortes and Grace, 2017 (6) Elakovic et al., 2011 (7) Lu et al., 2015 (8) Sachs et al., 2014 (9) Shepard et al., 2016 (10) Xing et al., 2013 (11) Pitychoutis et al., 2012 |
| (C) Early Life Stress | 1- Sociability, OFT, FST 2- Addiction 3- OFT, SP, EPM, FST 4- FST 5- OFT, EPM, FST, CFP 7- OFT, FST, AD 8- FST, OFT, EPM, CORT | 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, | 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 | 1- homogenous (NAc) 2-homogenous (PFC, NAc, ventral tegmental area, mA) 3-homogenous (NAc) 4-homogenous (hippocampus) 5- homogenous (hippocampus) 6-single-nuclei (striatum, NAc, amygdala, hippocampus) 7-homogenous (ventral hippocampus) | (1) Kronman et al., 2021 (2) Walker et al., 2021 (3) Lei et al., 2020 (4) Seo et al., 2020 (5) Sun et al., 2021 (6) Catale et al., 2020 (7) Chang et al., 2020 (8) Brummelte et al., 2012 |
| (D) Flinder Line | 1- FST, AD | 1 | 1-single nuclei (hippocampus and PFC) | (1) Marchetti et al., 2020 | |
| (E) Human MDD | 1- Suicide, proxy-based interviews 2- GSK-HiTDiP 3- MADRS-S, DAWBA depression band, SUAS 4- ST, NSF, SP, FST, OFT, EPM 5- PSS, AD 6- Suicide 7- ST, NSF, SP, FST, OFT, EPM 8- ACE 9- CECA, Suicide 10- Suicide 11- Suicide 12- Suicide 13- DNHS 14- Suicide, proxy-based interviews 15- Suicide, proxy-based interviews 16- Suicide, CECA 17- Suicide, proxy-based interviews 18- HAM-D 19- Suicide 20- Suicide, MDD 21- Suicide, MDD | 4, 8 | 7 | 1-single nuclei (dorsolateral PFC) 2-homogenous (blood) 3- homogenous (hippocampus) 4-single nuclei (mPFC, NAc) 5-homogenous (saliva) 6-homogenous (FCx and hippocampus) 7-homogenous (ventromedial PFC, dorsolateral PFC, anterior insula, NAc, ventral subiculum) 8- homogenous (sperm/egg) 9- homogenous (hippocmpus) 10- homogenous (hippocampus) 11- homogenous (orbitoPFC, subgenual cingulate gyrus) 12- homogenous (PFC) 13- homogenous (blood) 14- homogenous (PFC) 15- homogenous (hippocampus, GR) 16- homogenous (hippocampus, GR, cingulate cortex) 17- homogenous (hippocampus, PFC, blood) 18- homogenous (blood) 19- homogenous (middle temporal gyrus) 20- homogenous (orbital frontal cortex) 21- homogenous (frontal cortex, cerebellum) | (1) Nagy et al., 2020 (2) Leday et al., 2018 (3) Ciuculete et al., 2020 (4) Scarpa et al., 2020 (5) Palma-Gudiel et al., 2021 (6) (Misztak et al., 2020) (7) Labonte et al., 2017 (8) Dickson et al., 2018 (9) Labonte et al., 2012a (10) Labonte et al., 2013 (11) Murthy and Gould, 2018 (12) Schneider et al., 2015 (13) Uddin et al., 2010 (14) Nagy et al., 2015 (15) McGowan et al., 2008 (16) Labonte et al., 2012b (17) Chen et al., 2011 (18) Lopez et al., 2013 (19) Aston et al., 2005 (20) Ernst et al., 2009a (21) Ernst et al., 2009b |
| 22- Suicide, MDD, CECA 23- Suicide. MDD 24- Suicide | 22-homogenous (cerebellum, hippocampus) 23- homogenous (PFC) 24- homogenous (frontopolar cortex, amygdala, PVN) | (22) McGowan et al., 2008 (23) Fiori and Turecki, 2010 (24) Poulter et al., 2008 |
*Forced Swim Test = FST; Sucrose Preference = SP; Tail Suspension = TS; Restraint Stress = RS; Splash Test = ST; Novelty suppressed feeding = NSF; Open Field Test = OFT; Elevated Plus Maze = EPM; Anti-depressant treatment = AD; Inhibitory Avoidance = IA; Contextual Fear Paradigm = CFP; ACE questionnaire = ACE; Perceived Stress Scale = PSS; Suicide Assessment Scale = SUAS; Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale-Self = MADRS-S; Development and Well-Being Assessment = DAWBA; GlaxoSmithKline-High-Throughput Disease-specific target Identification Program = GSK-HiTDiP; Cortisol levels = CORT; Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse interviews = CECA; Detroit Neighborhood Health Study = DNHS; Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression = HAM-D; Professional MDD diagnosis = MDD.