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. 2021 Oct 20;12:773352. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.773352

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Copyright © 2021 Nombel, Fabien and Coutant

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Potential contribution of the anti-MDA5 antibodies to the pathogenesis. Anti-MDA5 antibodies (Abs) may contribute to the pathogenesis in several ways. (A) In specific conditions, MDA5 may translocate at the surface of critical stromal cells, or immune cells such as neutrophils. Interaction between the autoAb and the ectopic antigenic target could trigger chronic activation of the type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling pathway, as well as immune mediated cytotoxicity through complement activation (CDC) and/or Ab-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC). (B) Anti-MDA5 Abs could also bind to MDA5 released from apoptotic cells, to form immune complexes that could contribute to immune-mediated damage. (C) A cell exposed to a stress (infection, genetic background) overexpresses intracytoplasmic MDA5. Anti-MDA5 Abs might penetrate the cell to bind to MDA5, altering several functional pathways.